ABSTRACT
Transmission of hepatitis C (HCV) in Pakistan is a continuing public health problem; 15 years ago it was linked to the practice of reusing therapeutic instruments in healthcare settings. We sought to examine current risk factors for HCV transmission in a hospital population in Karachi, Pakistan. We enrolled 300 laboratory-confirmed HCV-positive participants and 300 laboratory confirmed HCV-negative participants from clinics at Indus Hospital. Independent and significant risk factors for both men and women were: receiving o12 injections in the past year, blood transfusions, having had dental work performed, and delivery in hospital or transfusion for women. Interestingly, being of Mohajir origin or born in Sindh province were protective.Encouragingly, a strong protective effect was observed for those that reported bringing their own needle for injections (59%). The widespread reuse of therapeutic needles in healthcare settings in Karachi remains a major driver of the HCV epidemic.
Subject(s)
Cross Infection/epidemiology , Cross Infection/transmission , Health Facilities , Hepatitis C/epidemiology , Hepatitis C/transmission , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pakistan/epidemiology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Previous studies have found no female predominance in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in non-Western countries. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of Rome II (IBS) in both sexes in Pakistan. A Population-based survey in a low-income inner city area using questionnaires to diagnose Rome II IBS and assess distress, disability and stressful life events. Data were collected from 880/938 (93%) randomly selected residents. 13.4% of women and 13.1% men met criteria for Rome II IBS; 34 (3.9%) had diarrhoea-predominant, 59 (6.7%) had constipation-predominant IBS and 24 (2.7%) had 'mixed IBS'. In logistic regression analysis, IBS was associated in men with high income (OR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.05-2.3) and few years of education (OR = 2.17; 95% CI: 1.2-3.9) and in women with being married (OR = 3.6; 95% CI: 1.1-11.9) and stressful life events score (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.01-1.3). Disability was associated with constipation-predominant IBS (OR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.1-3.6), distress (OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.14-1.23) and stressful life events (OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.1-1.3). Investigations were more likely in men (54%) than in women (27%) (P = 0.003). These findings suggest that the equal sex ratio of IBS in urban Pakistan could result from a close association between marked distress and IBS in men similar to that found in women in western studies.
Subject(s)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome/diagnosis , Irritable Bowel Syndrome/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Irritable Bowel Syndrome/physiopathology , Irritable Bowel Syndrome/psychology , Male , Multivariate Analysis , Pakistan/epidemiology , Population Groups , Stress, Psychological , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Postinfective irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea and idiopathic bile acid malabsorption remains an enigma. We examined the records of 84 patients whose 75SeHCAT scans were indicative of bile acid malabsorption (< 15% one week retention). Identifiable causes of bile acid malabsorption were: previous ileal surgery (7), Crohn's disease (22), radiation enteritis (13), vagotomy, gastrectomy or cholecystectomy (10) and miscellaneous (3). Sixteen of 29 patients with apparently idiopathic bile acid malabsorption gave a clear history of acute gastroenteritis before the onset of chronic diarrhoea lasting from 0.25-18 years until their positive 75SeHCAT scan. Only four cases of campylobacter, and one each of shigella and salmonella were documented. Extensive investigation failed to detect other possible pathologies. In response to bile acid sequestrants, mean stool frequency fell from 7.2 per day to 2.1 per day (p < 0.001). We have observed that postinfective chronic diarrhoea is associated with chronic bile acid malabsorption, which can be successfully treated with bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine.
