ABSTRACT
Distinct changes can be observed in the odor of human excretions during health and disease. Identifying underlying volatile metabolites responsible for these odorous changes can be correlated with the pathological process within the body. Advances in the technology have enabled us to interpret the volatile signature of these changes in the odor. This has opened a promising area to lay the foundations of a rapid, noninvasive and point of care diagnostic tool. This review explores the diagnostic potential of volatile organic metabolites as novel biomarkers and extends the discussion on the clinical applications of these biomarkers in gastrointestinal disorders.
Subject(s)
Biomarkers/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Diseases/pathology , Metabolomics , Biomarkers/analysis , Breath Tests , Feces/chemistry , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Gastrointestinal Diseases/metabolism , Humans , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/metabolism , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/pathology , Odorants/analysis , Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis , Volatile Organic Compounds/metabolismABSTRACT
The diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains a challenging task despite significant increase in the understanding of the disease aetiology and pathogenesis. Recent decade has seen a massive interest in the non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers of IBD, consequently a number of studies have explored a variety of potential biomarkers to diagnose the disease and monitor the disease activity. Volatile metabolites are the chemicals, which emanate from biological fluids and can reflect the status of health and disease of an individual. Recent advances in the analytical techniques have enabled the detection and interpretation of the changes in volatile metabolites in breath, urine, faeces and blood of an individual in correlation with various gastrointestinal (GI) disorders including IBD. This can provide a simple, fast and reproducible diagnosis at the point of care. This review focuses on the current and future novel approaches for detecting and the monitoring gut inflammation in IBD by using volatile organic metabolites.
Subject(s)
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/metabolism , Volatile Organic Compounds/metabolism , Biomarkers/analysis , Breath Tests , Feces/chemistry , Humans , Volatile Organic Compounds/analysisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the mutation of p53 in chemically induced carcinogenesis on albino mice in skin papilloma and tubular adenoma breast by immunohistochemistry. DESIGN: An experimental study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: The animal house of Postgraduate Medical Institute and Pathology Department of King Edward Medical College University, Lahore, for the duration of 20 weeks, from 15 February, 2004 to 15 July, 2004. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty five albino mice (male and female) were selected for a study on chemical carcinogenesis. These animals were divided into five groups (A-E), five animals in each. DMBA (Dimethylebenz[a] Anthracene) and TPA (Tetradecanoyl-phorbal-13-Acetic Acid) [chemical carcinogens] were given to produce the tumors and mutation of p53 expression was evaluated on the tumors appearing during this period of carcinogenesis. Squamous cell papillomas and tubular adenoma breast were selected for this study. RESULTS: All the papillomas showed faint reactivity for immunomarker p53, while tubular adenomas were nonreactive. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that p-53 is a marker for premalignant lesions and helps in selecting patients for constant monitoring, upon the clinical verification of these results.
