ABSTRACT
The Women's Health Movement (WHM) emerged during the 1960s and the 1970s with the primary goal to improve health care for all women. Despite setbacks in the area of reproductive rights during the 1980s, the WHM made significant gains in women's health at the federal policy level during the 1980s and 1990s. The WHM became a powerful political force. The achievements of the movement in improving women's health during the 20th century were numerous and significant.
Subject(s)
Women's Health Services/history , Women's Health , Female , Health Policy/history , Health Policy/legislation & jurisprudence , History, 20th Century , Humans , United States , Women's Health Services/legislation & jurisprudenceABSTRACT
There are three critical issues in perinatal education today: changing clients, changing perinatal educators, and the changing obstetrical climate. Each of these issues is discussed, and difficult philosophical questions that require answers are identified. The answers will require serious deliberation, hard thought, values clarification, collective wisdom, and an element of risk taking by perinatal educators.
Subject(s)
Health Education/trends , Parents/education , Prenatal Care , Female , Humans , Male , Pregnancy , TeachingSubject(s)
Pregnancy in Adolescence/statistics & numerical data , Preventive Health Services/organization & administration , Public Health Nursing , Abortion, Legal , Adolescent , Adoption , Choice Behavior , Female , Humans , Patient Education as Topic , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Outcome , Pregnancy in Adolescence/psychology , Prenatal Care/methods , School Health Services/organization & administrationABSTRACT
This descriptive retrospective study surveyed women attending two lactation/breastfeeding conferences about their experiences with mastitis. One-third of the sample reported having mastitis while breastfeeding their last child. Episodes of mastitis occurred most often in the first three months postpartum; however, one-third occurred after six months and nearly one-quarter occurred after one year of breastfeeding. The outer upper quadrants of both breasts were found to be the most frequent sites of infection. The incidence of mastitis in the left and right breasts did not differ. More than one-third of the respondents did not contact their physician when they developed mastitis and and nearly half never used antibiotics for the infection. All respondents reported continuing to breastfeed through the infection. Mothers reported that the following factors (in order of importance) preceded their mastitis: fatigue, stress, plugged duct, change in the number of feedings, engorgement/stasis, an infection in the family, breast trauma and poor diet. Study findings indicate that the most important teaching areas for preventing mastitis are management and control of stress and fatigue.
Subject(s)
Breast Feeding , Mastitis/psychology , Adult , Female , Humans , Mastitis/etiology , Mastitis/therapy , Middle Aged , Patient Education as Topic , Recurrence , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Self Care , Surveys and QuestionnairesSubject(s)
Faculty, Nursing , Group Processes , Students, Nursing , Teaching/methods , Humans , Models, PsychologicalSubject(s)
Breast Feeding , Mothers/psychology , Motivation , Poverty , Age Factors , Educational Status , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant Food , Infant, Newborn , Probability , Time FactorsABSTRACT
The San Francisco Bay estuary has been rapidly modified by human activity. Diking and filling of most of its wetlands have eliminated habitats for fish and waterfowl; the introduction of exotic species has transformed the composition of its aquatic communities; reduction of freshwater inflow by more than half has changed the dynamics of its plant and animal communities; and wastes have contaminated its sediments and organisms. Continued disposal of toxic wastes, the probable further reduction in freshwater inflow, and the possible synergy between the two provide the potential for further alteration of the estuary's water quality and biotic communities.
