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1.
Biometals ; 26(6): 969-79, 2013 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24057327

ABSTRACT

A screening for siderophores produced by the ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccaria laccata and Laccaria bicolor in synthetic low iron medium revealed the release of several different hydroxamate siderophores of which four major siderophores could be identified by high resolution mass spectrometry. While ferricrocin, coprogen and triacetylfusarinine C were assigned as well as other known fungal siderophores, a major peak of the siderophore mixture revealed an average molecular mass of 797 for the iron-loaded compound. High resolution mass spectrometry indicated an absolute mass of m/z = 798.30973 ([M + H](+)). With a relative error of Δ = 0.56 ppm this corresponds to linear fusigen (C33H52N6O13Fe; MW = 797.3). The production of large amounts of linear fusigen by these basidiomycetous mycorrhizal fungi may possibly explain the observed suppression of plant pathogenic Fusarium species. For comparative purposes Fusarium roseum was included in this study as a well known producer of cyclic and linear fusigen.


Subject(s)
Ferric Compounds/metabolism , Hydroxamic Acids/metabolism , Iron/metabolism , Laccaria/metabolism , Siderophores/metabolism , Antibiosis , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Culture Media , Ferric Compounds/isolation & purification , Ferrichrome/analogs & derivatives , Ferrichrome/isolation & purification , Ferrichrome/metabolism , Fusarium/growth & development , Hydroxamic Acids/isolation & purification , Laccaria/growth & development , Mass Spectrometry , Molecular Weight , Plant Roots/microbiology , Siderophores/isolation & purification , Tracheophyta/microbiology
2.
J Antibiot (Tokyo) ; 64(6): 453-7, 2011 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21505471

ABSTRACT

Benzoxacystol, a new 1,4-benzoxazine-type metabolite, was produced by strain NTK 935, a marine member of the Streptomyces griseus 16S rRNA clade, isolated from deep-sea sediment collected from the Canary Basin. The structure of benzoxacystol was determined by mass spectrometry, NMR experiments and X-ray analysis. The compound showed an inhibitory activity against the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase 3ß and a weak antiproliferative activity against mouse fibroblast cells.


Subject(s)
Benzoxazines/pharmacology , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors , Streptomyces griseus/metabolism , Animals , Benzoxazines/chemistry , Benzoxazines/isolation & purification , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry , Enzyme Inhibitors/isolation & purification , Geologic Sediments/microbiology , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mass Spectrometry , Mice , NIH 3T3 Cells
4.
Occup Med (Lond) ; 59(8): 528-38, 2009 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19933500

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The Armed Forces operate in a particularly arduous physical and psychological environment. The occupational health (OH) of all personnel is of paramount importance to sustain the service's fighting ability. AIMS: Firstly, to bring readers up to date with the current organization and delivery of OH to uniformed personnel in the Armed Forces. Secondly, to review the research that has led to an improvement in OH services and the ways in which the Armed Forces are responding to the various challenges. METHODS: A description of the type and delivery of OH to the Armed Forces is followed by a review of the relevant contemporaneous literature from both open publications and research dissertations. RESULTS: Although there are some similarities with civilian OH, the principal requirement to prepare and sustain service personnel for operations on land, sea and air adds considerable complexity to the task. Research undertaken by Armed Forces OH professionals has added to the evidence base and enabled attrition in all aspects of the Armed Forces to be reduced. CONCLUSIONS: To meet the challenges of the 21st century, Armed Forces OH practitioners must continue to provide the best evidence-based advice to enhance force preparation and sustainment. All consultations in the Armed Forces involve an OH consideration from the simplest consultations through to the input from specialist OH practitioners. While the assessment of fitness to work in home bases and on deployed operations remains the primary output of OH, the provision of support to command policy, procurement and research are also key to the ability to operate worldwide.


Subject(s)
Military Personnel , Occupational Health , Occupational Medicine/organization & administration , Aerospace Medicine/organization & administration , Delivery of Health Care, Integrated/organization & administration , Humans , Occupational Diseases/rehabilitation , Occupational Medicine/education , United Kingdom
5.
J Nat Prod ; 72(10): 1768-72, 2009 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19848432

ABSTRACT

A family of new secondary metabolites with a carbazole moiety and an alkyl side chain was isolated from Tsukamurella pseudospumae strain Acta 1857. They were named lipocarbazoles in accordance with their chemical structures, which were determined by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Lipocarbazoles are free radical scavengers showing antioxidative activity.


Subject(s)
Actinomycetales/chemistry , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Carbazoles/isolation & purification , Carbazoles/pharmacology , Lipids/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/chemistry , Carbazoles/chemistry , Lipids/chemistry , Lipids/pharmacology , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Molecular Structure , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
6.
J Antibiot (Tokyo) ; 62(9): 513-8, 2009 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19609293
7.
Org Lett ; 11(13): 2804-7, 2009 Jul 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19552461

ABSTRACT

The total synthesis of the natural occurring polyamides proximicin A-C (3-5) has been accomplished. A short and efficient synthesis of a thus far unknown 4-amino-2-furan carboxylic acid was developed. Furthermore, this unique heterocyclic gamma-amino-acid was used for the synthesis of a new class of AT-selective DNA-binding agents derived from the natural products combining structural features of the proximicins with those from the known DNA-binding natural products netropsin (1) and distamycin (2).


Subject(s)
DNA/chemistry , Furans/chemistry , Netropsin/analogs & derivatives , Nylons/chemical synthesis , Amino Acids/chemical synthesis , Amino Acids/chemistry , DNA/metabolism , Distamycins/chemistry , Distamycins/pharmacology , Molecular Structure , Netropsin/chemical synthesis , Netropsin/chemistry , Netropsin/pharmacology , Nylons/chemistry
8.
Bioorg Med Chem Lett ; 19(14): 3811-5, 2009 Jul 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19427785

ABSTRACT

The proximicins A-C (1-3) are novel naturally occurring gamma-peptides with a hitherto unknown 2,4-disubstituted furan amino acid as a core structure. They show a moderate cytotoxic activity and induce upregulation of cell cycle regulating proteins (p53 and p21) and lead to cell cycle arrest in G0/G1-phase. Hybrid molecules combining structural motifs of the proximicins and of netropsin (4), a structurally related natural product, seem to have similar effects. Herein we describe the synthesis of a netropsin-proximicin-hybrid library and its evaluation regarding cytotoxicity and minor groove binding activity.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , DNA/metabolism , Netropsin/analogs & derivatives , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity , Cell Line, Tumor , Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism , DNA/chemistry , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Humans , Netropsin/chemical synthesis , Netropsin/toxicity , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
9.
Anal Bioanal Chem ; 395(6): 1613-22, 2009 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19466394

ABSTRACT

The oily product ZANTHIN consists of natural astaxanthin, which is manufactured from the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis by supercritical CO(2) extraction. An HPLC method was developed to separate all of the components of the complex astaxanthin extract using a C(30) column. The separation resulted in different isomers of astaxanthin accompanied by two other carotenoids. The main component consisted of astaxanthin singly esterified with several different fatty acids. C18:3, C18:2, C18:1 and C16:0 were identified as the most commonly occurring fatty acids. Doubly esterified astaxanthin was also found, although in lower concentrations compared to singly esterified astaxanthin. After performing a detailed fatty acid analysis by GC-MS, the peaks from the extract were assigned via HPLC-MS. A trans to cis transmutation of the all-trans compound was performed by thermal treatment in order to obtain an enrichment of cis isomers as the basis for unambiguous identification via NMR experiments. The all-trans as well as the 9- and 13-cis isomers of astaxanthin were characterized in detail by UV/Vis, (1)H, and (1)H,(1)H COSY NMR spectroscopy.


Subject(s)
Chlorophyta/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Esters/chemistry , Mass Spectrometry/methods , Carotenoids/chemistry , Isomerism , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Xanthophylls/chemistry
10.
J Antibiot (Tokyo) ; 62(2): 99-104, 2009 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19198633

ABSTRACT

Caboxamycin, a new benzoxazole antibiotic, was detected by HPLC-diode array screening in extracts of the marine strain Streptomyces sp. NTK 937, which was isolated from deep-sea sediment collected in the Canary Basin. The structure of caboxamycin was determined by mass spectrometry, NMR experiments and X-ray analysis. It showed inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria, selected human tumor cell lines and the enzyme phosphodiesterase.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/biosynthesis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Benzoxazoles/pharmacology , Streptomyces/metabolism , Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification , Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology , Benzoxazoles/isolation & purification , Benzoxazoles/metabolism , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Fermentation , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Humans , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Seawater/microbiology , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization , Spectrophotometry, Infrared , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , Streptomyces/chemistry , Water Microbiology
11.
J Antibiot (Tokyo) ; 62(2): 75-9, 2009 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19132055

ABSTRACT

Albidopyrone, a new alpha-pyrone-containing secondary metabolite, was produced by Streptomyces sp. NTK 227, a strain isolated from Atlantic Ocean sediment and found to be a member of the Streptomyces albidoflavus 16S rRNA gene clade. The structure of the compound was determined by MS and NMR spectroscopy, and found to have a moderate inhibitory activity against protein-tyrosin phosphatase B.


Subject(s)
Acetamides/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Pyrones/chemistry , Streptomyces/chemistry , Acetamides/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Fermentation , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Pyrones/pharmacology , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization , Spectrophotometry, Infrared , Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet , Streptomyces/classification , Streptomyces/metabolism , Water Microbiology
12.
J Antibiot (Tokyo) ; 61(6): 356-64, 2008 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18667783

ABSTRACT

Bendigoles A approximately C are the first secondary metabolites to be isolated from a member of the actinomycete genus Gordonia. They were detected in a culture filtrate extract of Gordonia australis Acta 2299 by HPLC-diode array analysis and characterized as new steroids by mass spectrometry and NMR experiments. Bendigole C show binding affinity to the human progesterone and A approximately C to androgen receptor but are inactive at mineralocorticoid and estrogen receptors. In in vitro transactivation studies bendigoles A and C showed moderate and weak androgenic activities.


Subject(s)
Androgens , Androgens/biosynthesis , Gordonia Bacterium/metabolism , Hydroxysteroids/metabolism , Androgens/chemistry , Androgens/isolation & purification , Androgens/pharmacology , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Crystallography, X-Ray , Fermentation , Gordonia Bacterium/classification , Gordonia Bacterium/growth & development , Humans , Hydroxysteroids/chemistry , Hydroxysteroids/isolation & purification , Hydroxysteroids/pharmacology , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mass Spectrometry , Molecular Structure , Progesterone/metabolism , Receptors, Androgen/metabolism , Receptors, Estrogen/drug effects , Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism , Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/drug effects , Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
13.
J Am Soc Mass Spectrom ; 19(10): 1500-13, 2008 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18657436

ABSTRACT

The physiological response of the human body to several diseases can be reflected by the metabolite pattern in biological fluids. Cancer, like other diseases accompanied by metabolic disorders, causes characteristic effects on cell turnover rate, activity of modifying enzymes, and RNA/DNA modifications. This results in an altered excretion of modified nucleosides and biochemically related compounds. In the course of our metabolic profiling project, we screened 24-h urine of patients suffering from lung, rectal, or head and neck cancer for previously unknown ribosylated metabolites. Therefore, we developed a sample preparation procedure based on boronate affinity chromatography followed by additional prepurification with preparative TLC. The isolated metabolites were analyzed by ion trap mass spectrometry (IT MS) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS). IT MS was applied for LC-auto MS(3) screening runs and MS(n(n=4-6)) syringe pump infusion experiments, yielding characteristic fragmentation patterns. FTICR MS measurements enabled the calculation of corresponding molecular formulae based on accurate mass determination (mass accuracy: 1-5 ppm for external and sub-ppm values for internal calibration). We were able to identify 22 metabolites deriving from cellular RNA metabolism and related metabolic pathways like histidine metabolism, purine biosynthesis, methionine/polyamine cycle, and nicotinate/nicotinamide metabolism. The compounds 1-ribosyl-3-hydroxypyridinium, 1-ribosyl-pyridinium, and 3-ribosyl-1-methyl-l-histidinium as well as a series of ribosylated histamines, conjugated to carboxylic acids at the N(omega)-position were found as novel urinary constituents. The occurrence of the modified nucleosides 2-methylthio-N(6)-(cis-hydroxyisopentenyl)-adenosine, 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine, N(6)-methyl-N(6)-threonylcarbamoyladenosine, and 2-methylthio-N(6)-threonylcarbamoyladenosine in human urine is verified for the first time.


Subject(s)
Fourier Analysis , Neoplasms/urine , Nucleosides/urine , Ribose/urine , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods , Biogenic Polyamines/urine , Chromatography, Affinity , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Chromatography, Thin Layer , Female , Head and Neck Neoplasms/urine , Histamine/analogs & derivatives , Histamine/urine , Humans , Lung Neoplasms/urine , Male , Methionine/urine , Nicotinic Acids/urine , Purines/urine , Pyridinium Compounds/urine , Rectal Neoplasms/urine , Ribose/analogs & derivatives
15.
J Nat Prod ; 70(10): 1611-5, 2007 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17935298

ABSTRACT

The freshwater cyanobacterium Planktothrix rubescens produces the cyclooctapeptide cyclo(Pro-Gly-Leu-Val-Met-Phe-Gly-Val). The chemical structure is new. This homodetic cyclic octapeptide was named planktocyclin ( 1). It consists solely of proteinogenic l-amino acids and is a strong inhibitor of mammalian trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin and a moderately active inhibitor of human recombinant caspase-8. Mass spectrometric and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data allowed the determination of its structure. Synthetic planktocyclin was identical to the natural product.


Subject(s)
Chymotrypsin/antagonists & inhibitors , Cyanobacteria/chemistry , Peptides, Cyclic/isolation & purification , Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology , Protease Inhibitors/isolation & purification , Amino Acid Sequence , Amino Acids/chemistry , Animals , Caspase Inhibitors , Cattle , Fresh Water , Humans , Molecular Structure , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular , Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry , Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology
16.
J Nat Prod ; 70(9): 1417-23, 2007 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17844999

ABSTRACT

In the genome of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42, three operons pks1, pks2, and pks3 were identified which encode the biosynthesis of polyketides. pks1 and pks3 have been attributed to the production of bacillaene and difficidin/oxydifficidin, respectively, while the pks2 product remained hitherto unknown. Mass spectrometric analysis of the culture filtrates of the wild-type B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 and mutants revealed pks2-specific metabolites. By combination of the mass spectrometric and UV/vis data with a database search, these compounds were attributed to four members of the macrolactin family, macrolactin A and D as well as 7-O-malonyl- and 7-O-succinyl-macrolactin. This conclusion was verified by the isolation and structure elucidation of macrolactin A using mass spectrometric and 2D-NMR studies. Macrolactin biosynthesis was investigated using feeding experiments with (13)C-acetate. (13)C-labelled macrolactin A revealed an alternating labelling of its carbon skeleton with (13)C, indicating that acetate/malonate was used as the sole precursor. The macrolactin structure is compatible with the domain organization of the pks2-operon. Similarly to pks1 and pks3, pks2 is a modular polyketide synthase system of type I which exhibits a trans-acyltransferase architecture using a discrete acyltransferase enzyme iteratively in the assembly of macrolactin. Finally, the potential for macrolactin production on a genetic and metabolic basis was found to be widely distributed among Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains.


Subject(s)
Bacillus , Macrolides/isolation & purification , Polyketide Synthases/metabolism , Bacillus/chemistry , Bacillus/genetics , Bacillus/metabolism , Macrolides/chemistry , Macrolides/metabolism , Molecular Structure
17.
J Antibiot (Tokyo) ; 60(6): 391-4, 2007 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17617698

ABSTRACT

Abyssomicin C is a complex polyketide-type antibiotic and the first natural inhibitor of the p-aminobenzoate biosynthesis produced by the marine Verrucosispora strain AB-18-032. We have now isolated three novel naturally produced abyssomicins, among them the even more active atrop-abyssomicin C. The chemical structures were elucidated by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy.


Subject(s)
Actinobacteria/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/isolation & purification , Macrolides/isolation & purification , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/chemistry , Macrolides/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
18.
Mol Microbiol ; 65(4): 1078-91, 2007 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17640274

ABSTRACT

Many Gram-positive bacteria produce lipoteichoic acid (LTA) polymers whose physiological roles have remained a matter of debate because of the lack of LTA-deficient mutants. The ypfP gene responsible for biosynthesis of a glycolipid found in LTA was deleted in Staphylococcus aureus SA113, causing 87% reduction of the LTA content. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that the mutant LTA contained a diacylglycerol anchor instead of the glycolipid, whereas the remaining part was similar to the wild-type polymer except that it was shorter. The LTA mutant strain revealed no major changes in patterns of cell wall proteins or autolytic enzymes compared with the parental strain indicating that LTA may be less important in S. aureus protein attachment than previously thought. However, the autolytic activity of the mutant was strongly reduced demonstrating a role of LTA in controlling autolysin activity. Moreover, the hydrophobicity of the LTA mutant was altered and its ability to form biofilms on plastic was completely abrogated indicating a profound impact of LTA on physicochemical properties of bacterial surfaces. We propose to consider LTA and its biosynthetic enzymes as targets for new antibiofilm strategies.


Subject(s)
Genes, Bacterial , Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism , Mutation/genetics , N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase/metabolism , Staphylococcus aureus/enzymology , Staphylococcus aureus/genetics , Teichoic Acids/metabolism , Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects , Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/pharmacology , Biofilms/drug effects , Cell Wall/chemistry , Cell Wall/drug effects , Disaccharides/metabolism , Gene Deletion , Glucosyltransferases/genetics , Glycolipids/metabolism , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , Lipopolysaccharides/chemistry , Lipopolysaccharides/isolation & purification , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Microbial Viability/drug effects , Sodium Chloride/pharmacology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/physiology , Surface Properties , Teichoic Acids/chemistry , Teichoic Acids/isolation & purification
19.
J Nat Prod ; 70(6): 932-5, 2007 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17536856

ABSTRACT

An actinomycete, strain Acta 3026, isolated from mangrove soil was characterized and found to belong to the genus Nocardia. The strain produces two new cytotoxic metabolites, nocardichelins A (1) and B (2). Each of the compounds strongly inhibited human cell lines from gastric adenocarcinoma, breast carcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma with GI50 values in a low micromolar to nanomolar range. The structural characterization of the compounds was performed by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The nocardichelins represent a new group of siderophores that combine the structural elements of mycobactin-type siderophores from mycobacteria and hydroxamate-type siderophores (desferrioxamine B) produced by streptomycetes. The chromazurol S assay, characteristic for iron(III) complexation, was positive, confirming the role as a siderophore.


Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/isolation & purification , Fatty Acids/isolation & purification , Nocardia/chemistry , Siderophores/isolation & purification , Amino Acids/analysis , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Deferoxamine/chemistry , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Fatty Acids/analysis , Fatty Acids/chemistry , Fatty Acids/pharmacology , Humans , Iron/metabolism , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Molecular Structure , Nocardia/genetics , Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Siderophores/chemistry , Siderophores/pharmacology
20.
Chembiochem ; 8(7): 757-66, 2007 May 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17407125

ABSTRACT

The potential of actinomycetes to produce natural products has been exploited for decades. Recent genomic sequence analyses have revealed a previously unrecognized biosynthetic potential and diversity. In order to rationally exploit this potential, we have developed a sequence-guided genetic screening strategy. In this "genome mining" approach, genes that encode tailoring enzymes from natural product biosyntheses pathways serve as indicator genes for the identification of strains that have the genetic potential to produce natural products of interest. We chose halogenases, which are known to be involved in the synthesis of halometabolites as representative examples. From PCR screening of 550 randomly selected actinomycetes strains, we identified 103 novel putative halogenase genes. A phylogenetic analysis of the corresponding putative halogenases, and the determination of their sequential context with mass spectrometric analysis of cultures filtrates revealed a distinct correlation between the sequence and secondary metabolite class of the halometabolite. The described screening strategy allows rapid access to novel natural products with predetermined structural properties.


Subject(s)
Biological Products , Genomics , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Amino Acid Sequence , Base Sequence , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , DNA Primers , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Mass Screening , Molecular Sequence Data , Molecular Structure , Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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