Smoking status and racial/ethnic disparities in youth exposure to tobacco advertising.

Tobacco advertising exposure increases tobacco use among youth. Data were from a largely racial and ethnic minority sample (60% non-Hispanic (NH) Black/African American) of youth (13-18 years) who were nonsmokers susceptible to future tobacco use (n = 686) or current cigarette smokers (n = 674). Regression models tested associations between tobacco advertisement exposure and smoking status, and determined demographic correlates. Nearly all youth recalled seeing a tobacco advertisement (98%), which was associated with smoking (OR = 1.12; 95% CI = 1.08-1.15). Racial minority youth had higher exposure to tobacco advertising. Policies restricting advertisements for all tobacco products are essential for prevention efforts and may help decrease tobacco-related health disparities.

Content appealing to youth and spend characteristics of electronic cigarette video advertisements.

BACKGROUND: The US electronic cigarette (ECIG) market and use behavior continues to rise, warranting investigation of ECIG advertisement (ad) content within media channels frequented by youth including internet and television (TV). In order to inform potential policy regulations, this content analysis sought to assess the prevalence of youth-appealing content and spend characteristics among ECIG video ads. METHODS: Between 2015 and 2016, 46 ECIG video ads were identified using an ad-tracking firm and were coded using the Content Appealing to Youth (CAY) index. Bivariate analyses and analysis of variance were used to compare CAY indices between online and TV ads and by ECIG brands. Ad-specific spend and source information, including website/TV program targeted were examined descriptively. RESULTS: Common youth-appealing features included use of animation (56.5%) and content related to positive sensations (52.2%), promoting mood (34.8%), individuality/freedom (23.9%) and addiction (19.6%). Features not associated with youth appeal also were prevalent. Few differences were observed by media source or ECIG brand. TV ads accounted for the largest spend, and Vuse was the top spending brand. Websites/TV programs were diverse. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support regulatory efforts to restrict the use of youth-appealing content within ECIG ads as well as the reduction of media sources available for ECIG marketing.

Who Purchases Tobacco Online? Findings from Waves 1 and 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.

Objectives: We examined the prevalence of and factors associated with usually purchasing tobacco online. Methods: We analyzed Waves 1 (2013-14) and 4 (2016-17) of the US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health adult (18+) and youth (12-17) studies: 15,450 adults and 495 youth in 2013-14 and 15,037 adults and 465 youth in 2016-17. Z-tests compared the prevalence of usually purchasing tobacco online between waves and weighted multivariable regressions identified associations between purchasing online and sociodemographics. Results: The prevalence of usually purchasing tobacco online increased from 2.5% to 3.3% among adults (p < .05) and from 2.5% to 4.4% among youth (p < .05), generalizing to a US population of 2,000,000 adults and 35,000 youth. E-cigarettes and cigars and e-cigarettes and waterpipe tobacco were the most common products among adults and youth, respectively. Men, adults with greater education, adults with higher income, and non-Hispanic black youth had greater odds of purchasing tobacco online (p < .05). Conclusions: Usually purchasing tobacco online remains low, although ever purchasing was not assessed. Efforts should be made to expand Internet tobacco purchasing surveillance and extend and enforce restrictions broadly across tobacco products to reduce youth access.

Attitudes about and correlates of cannabis legalization policy among U.S. young adults.

OBJECTIVE: Cannabis policies are rapidly evolving in the US. This study's purpose was to examine relationships between cannabis harm perceptions, substance use, and demographic characteristics on attitudes toward cannabis policies. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 619 undergraduate students in a Mid-Atlantic state where cannabis use was illegal. METHODS: In 2016, participants completed a cross-sectional survey. Multinomial logistic regressions tested associations between attitudes toward cannabis policies (recreational cannabis use, use in private, or public) while controlling for harm perceptions, substance use, and demographics. RESULTS: The majority (64%) of participants supported recreational cannabis legalization, while 78% supported private and 29% supported public use. Perceiving cannabis as less harmful and current cannabis use were positively associated with supporting all three cannabis policies. CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight diversity of young adults' opinions regarding specific cannabis policies and underscore relationships between cannabis use behaviors, harm perceptions, and support for legalization that may inform policy making and prevention efforts.

A Longitudinal Analysis of Nicotine Dependence and Transitions From Dual Use of Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes: Evidence From Waves 1-3 of the PATH Study.

OBJECTIVE: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have gained popularity as a method to reduce conventional cigarette smoking, despite mixed evidence on their effectiveness. This study evaluates the relationship between overall and product-specific nicotine dependence and the transitions between dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes versus exclusive cigarette or e-cigarette use over time. METHOD: This study used data from Waves 1-3 (2013-2016) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Weighted logistic regressions with person-level random effects tested relationships between nicotine dependence and dual versus exclusive use over time. Dual use transitions were then compared with the characteristics of e-cigarette devices used and reasons to use them. RESULTS: Higher tobacco dependence was associated with becoming or remaining a dual user rather than remaining or becoming an exclusive user of cigarettes or e-cigarettes (p < .05). Higher e-cigarette dependence was associated with remaining or becoming an exclusive e-cigarette user. The number of days smoking cigarettes or using e-cigarettes in the past 30 days was also associated with greater odds of remaining or transitioning to exclusive use of that product (p < .05). Exclusive e-cigarette users tended to invest more financially in their devices and were more likely to report owning modifiable devices. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides new evidence that established dual use and transitions to and from dual use are associated with higher tobacco dependence compared with remaining a cigarette- or e-cigarette-only user and that higher e-cigarette dependence is associated with becoming or remaining an exclusive user of e-cigarettes.

Perceived harms of and exposure to tobacco use and current tobacco use among reproductive-aged women from the PATH study.

Data for this study were obtained from reproductive-aged women (aged 18-44 years, at wave 1) from waves 1 (2013-2014) and 2 (2014-2015) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (n = 13,241). Bivariate and multinomial regression analyses were performed associating past 30-day use of cigarettes only, e-cigarettes only, and dual use with perceptions of harm, exposure to tobacco product use, and sociodemographic variables. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted. Of all reproductive-aged women included in the analyses, 75.5 percent reported no tobacco use, 16.9 percent reported cigarette use only, 1.5 percent reported e-cigarette use only, and 6.1 percent reported dual use within the past 30 days. Perceived harm, tobacco exposure, pregnancy status, age, race/ethnicity, income, education, and sexual orientation were associated with the past 30-day use, cross-sectionally at wave 1. Similar associations were found for longitudinal analyses using wave 2 data, except for income and education, which were no longer associated. The results of this study contribute to knowledge regarding the prevalence and correlates of tobacco use across exclusive cigarette, exclusive e-cigarette, and dual use among reproductive-aged women.

Parents Are Unaware of Their Youths' Tobacco Use: Results from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we determined the prevalence of and factors associated with parent unawareness of youth tobacco use. METHODS: We used data from waves 1, 2, and 3 (2013-2016) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study, a nationally representative study of 13,650 US youth ages 12 to 17 and their parents. We conducted weighted multivariate analyses comparing parent unawareness of youth-reported ever use and associations between parents' unawareness of youth use and covariates. RESULTS: Youth ever tobacco use ranged from 21.8% in 2013-2014, to 24.1% in 2014-2015, to 23.4% in 2015-2016. Parent unawareness ranged from 57.6% in 2013-2014, to 61.9% in 2014-2015, and 64.5% in 2015-2016. Factors associated with higher parent unawareness of youth tobacco use in 2015-2016 were youth being female, black, or Hispanic (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.24-2.61; all ps < .05). Youth with lower academic performance, relatives who used tobacco, tobacco available in the home, or past 30-day use, were less likely to have parents unaware of their use (AORs 0.33-0.56; all ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Among youth who reported ever using tobacco, most had parents who were unaware of their use. School-based efforts targeting specific sociodemographic factors could increase parent awareness of youth tobacco use.

Effect of e-cigarette advertisement themes on hypothetical e-cigarette purchasing in price-responsive adolescents.

AIMS: To examine the effect on adolescents of exposure to different e-cigarette advertisement themes on reported likelihood of purchasing e-cigarettes in a hypothetical scenario. DESIGN: Between-subjects design of four randomly assigned thematic conditions derived from a content analysis of 350 e-cigarette advertisements: general, flavor- and taste-themed, people- and product use-themed or control advertisements for bottled water. SETTING: Virginia, USA. PARTICIPANTS: Of 1360 adolescents (13-18 years old) participating, 1063 had complete data (519 current cigarette smokers, 544 tobacco-susceptible non-smokers). MEASUREMENTS: Participants completed an e-cigarette purchase task, reporting the likelihood of buying an e-cigarette at various prices. Indices of abuse liability included price responsiveness (whether likelihood of purchase decreased with increasing prices) and, among price-responsive adolescents, breakpoint (highest price before definitely would not buy), maximum probability-weighted expenditure (Omax ) and price elasticity (how quickly willingness to purchase decreases as prices increase). Regressions controlled for demographics, prior tobacco ad exposure, tobacco/substance use and sensation-seeking. FINDINGS: Prior advertisement exposure was positively associated with being price-responsive [odds ratio (OR) = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03, 1.22; P < 0.05]. Among price-responsive adolescents (n = 579), breakpoints were 58% higher in the flavor- and taste-themed condition (ß = 0.46, 95% CI = <0.01, 0.92) and 75% higher in the people- and product use-themed condition (ß = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.10, 1.03) compared with control (Ps < 0.05). Exposure to people- and product use-themed advertisements was associated with a 60% higher Omax (ß = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.93; P < 0.05). The general and people- and product use-themed conditions were associated with 19% (ß = -0.21, 95% CI = -0.38, -0.04) and 21% (ß = -0.24, 95% CI = -0.42, -0.06) lower elasticity, respectively (Ps < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: E-cigarette advertising exposure may increase reported likelihood of purchasing e-cigarettes, with effects differing by advertisement content. People- and product use-themed e-cigarette advertisements increased reported likelihood of purchasing in price-responsive adolescents.

Cannabis legalization, tobacco prevention policies, and Cannabis use in E-cigarettes among youth.

BACKGROUND: E-cigarettes are the most popular tobacco product among youth. As more states adopt cannabis legalization policies, youth cannabis use in e-cigarettes is a mounting concern. METHODS: Data were from the 2016 and 2017 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a nationally-representative repeated cross-sectional survey administered to US middle and high school students. Ever use groups were categorized into e-cigarette ever users, cannabis in e-cigarette ever users, other tobacco ever users, and never users. Weighted multinomial logistic regression compared ever use groups, while controlling for state-level cannabis legalization and tobacco prevention polices, tobacco perceptions and exposures, and sociodemographic variables. Weighted prevalence of ever and current, or past 30 day, tobacco product use was determined by ever use groups. RESULTS: Compared to e-cigarette ever users, cannabis in e-cigarette ever users increased (Adjusted Relative Risk Ratio (ARRR) = 1.65; p < 0.01) from 2016 to 2017. Medical-only and medical and recreational cannabis laws, and no e-cigarette minimum legal sales age (MLSA) and increased e-cigarette MLSA at 19 or 21 were positively associated with cannabis in e-cigarette ever users (ARRR = 1.34-1.85; p < 0.01, each). Ever and current use of all individual tobacco products was highest among cannabis in e-cigarette ever users compared to e-cigarette and other tobacco ever users. CONCLUSIONS: Cannabis use in e-cigarettes has increased among youth, and these trends will likely continue as e-cigarettes continue to gain popularity and cannabis legalization policies proliferate. Targeted tobacco and cannabis prevention strategies are needed for youth, especially in states that have implemented cannabis 'medical and recreational laws.

Influence of Electronic Cigarette Characteristics on Susceptibility, Perceptions, and Abuse Liability Indices among Combustible Tobacco Cigarette Smokers and Non-Smokers.

This study assessed how electronic cigarette (ECIG) characteristics amenable to regulation-namely nicotine content, flavor, and modified risk messages-impact ECIG use susceptibility, harm/addiction perceptions, and abuse liability indices among combustible tobacco cigarette (CTC) smokers and non-smokers. CTC smokers and non-smokers varying in ECIG use recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) completed an online survey in 2016 (analytic n = 706). Participants were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions differing in ECIG characteristics: nicotine content (no, low, high), flavor (menthol, tobacco, fruit), or modified risk message (reduced harm, reduced carcinogen exposure). Regressions assessed ECIG susceptibility, harm/addiction perceptions, and abuse liability indices (purchase task measures of breakpoint/intensity) within each regulatory domain (nicotine content, flavor, message) and their interactions with CTC/ECIG status. Differential effects on ECIG susceptibility, harm/addiction perceptions, and abuse liability indices were observed by regulatory domain with many effects moderated by CTC/ECIG status. ECIG nicotine content and flavor conditions were the most influential across outcomes. Greater nicotine content, tobacco-flavored and reduced carcinogen exposure ECIGs were more highly preferred by CTC smokers with some differing preferences for non-users. Findings reinforce consideration of discrete ECIG preferences across tobacco use status to improve regulatory efficacy.

"Think it. Mix it. Vape it.": A Content Analysis on E-Cigarette Radio Advertisements.

BACKGROUND: E-cigarette (EC) use is increasing rapidly across the United States, especially among youth. EC advertisements are one likely contributor to this increase, as they currently have few marketing restrictions. Radio advertising reaches most of the U.S. population and may be particularly influential in this regard. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the current study was to examine content themes and spending data from EC radio advertisements. METHODS: Competitrack, a marketing tracking firm, gathered 19 advertisements from four different EC brands across the United States from 2015 to 2016, which were coded by two individuals and analyzed for main content themes. Additionally, spending data were analyzed by identified EC brand. RESULTS: Logic was the most common EC brand advertised on the radio and included themes potentially appealing to youth, such as humor and sound effects. Of the 28 analyzed content themes, references to "taste" were the most popular, followed by highlighting benefits of using ECs, presence of music, and comparison to other EC brands. Only Logic advertisements (n = 7) included health disclaimers and age restriction messages, yet frequently included themes that were attractive to youth. Conclusions/Importance: As these radio advertisements are exposing youth and other vulnerable populations to ECs, regulations, similar to those made for conventional cigarette advertising, are necessary for prevention efforts.

Reasons to use e-cigarettes among adults and youth in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study.

BACKGROUND: While e-cigarette use is increasing, reasons to use e-cigarettes are poorly summarized in the literature. The objective of this study was to organize reasons to use e-cigarette items into factors and determine associations between these factors and e-cigarette user characteristics. METHODS: Data were drawn from youth (12-17) and adults (18+) in Wave 1 (2013-2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on 13 reasons to use survey items from experimental and established adult e-cigarette users and past 30 day youth e-cigarette users to determine two factors - "alternative to cigarettes" and "larger social environment". Weighted linear regression models tested the associations between e-cigarette user group and sociodemographics and reasons to use factors among youth and adults. RESULTS: Adult current established e-cigarette users were associated with both alternative to cigarettes (ß = 0.128, p < .001) and larger social environment (ß = 0.063, p < .001) factors, while former established e-cigarette users were associated with alternative to cigarettes (ß = 0.064, p < .001). Several adult sociodemographic characteristics were associated with one but not the other factor, or both but in opposite directions. Youth that used e-cigarettes earlier today were also associated with both reasons to use factors (ß = 0.127-0.130, p < .01, each); however, youth using any other day in the past 30 days was not associated with either factor. CONCLUSIONS: Reasons to use are associated with patterns of e-cigarette use among youth and adults. These factors could support a comprehensive approach to addressing rising e-cigarette use among youth and adults and target certain user populations.

Is susceptibility to E-cigarettes among youth associated with tobacco and other substance use behaviors one year later? Results from the PATH study.

E-cigarettes are the most commonly used tobacco product among youth. In addition to harm potential, e-cigarette use is associated with initiating cigarette smoking. Limited research exists whether susceptibility to e-cigarette use is a risk factor for future tobacco and other substance use initiation. This study examined associations between baseline e-cigarette susceptibility and initiation and past 30-day use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes as well as initiation of marijuana and alcohol one year later, after adjusting for other risk factors and sociodemographic confounders. The study sample consisted of 5156 nationally representative youth (12-17 years) who completed both waves 1 (2013-2014) and 2 (2014-2015) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study and were never users of tobacco, marijuana, and alcohol in Wave 1. Youth who were susceptible to e-cigarettes had increased odds of initiating e-cigarettes (adjusted OR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.55-3.18), marijuana (aOR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.12-2.46), and alcohol (aOR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.26-2.06) between waves, as well as past reporting 30-day e-cigarette use (aOR: 3.64, 95% CI: 1.93-6.89) in Wave 2. Additionally, cigarette susceptibility, but not e-cigarette susceptibility, was associated with cigarette initiation (aOR: 3.36, 95% CI: 1.95-5.82) and past 30-day use (aOR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.34-5.97). Prevention policies, as well as future research, could target youth susceptible to e-cigarettes to reduce the current trends on the use of these alternative tobacco products. Such efforts may also reduce the use of cigarettes and other substances.

Associations Between Parent-Perceived Neighborhood Safety and Encouragement and Child Outdoor Physical Activity Among Low-Income Children.

BACKGROUND: A growing body of research has examined the relationship between perceived neighborhood safety and parental encouragement for child physical activity (PA), yet these potential predictors have not been studied together to predict child outdoor PA. The purpose of this study is to examine these predictors and parent- and child-reported child outdoor PA. METHODS: The Texas Childhood Obesity Research Demonstration study collected data from fifth-grade students attending 31 elementary schools across Austin and Houston and their parents (N = 748 parent-child dyads). Mixed-effects linear and logistic regressions stratified by gender and adjusted for sociodemographic covariates assessed associations among parental-perceived neighborhood safety, parental encouragement for child's outdoor PA, and parent- and child-reported child's outdoor PA. RESULTS: Parental-perceived neighborhood safety was significantly associated with encouraging outdoor PA (P = .01) and child-reported child's outdoor PA in boys, but not in girls. Significant associations were found between parental encouragement and child-reported outdoor PA for girls (P < .05) and parent-reported outdoor PA (P < .01) for boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS: Parent encouragement of PA and neighborhood safety are potential predictors of child outdoor PA and could be targeted in youth PA interventions.

Receptivity of Young Adult Hookah Users to Health Warning Labels.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the receptivity of non-college young adult hookah users to health warning labels. METHODS: We conducted in-person qualitative interviews with 23 hookah users, aged 18-29 in Austin, Texas, who were not currently enrolled in college/university. Data were transcribed, coded, and thematically analyzed using NVivo Pro, version 11. RESULTS: Gaps in knowledge were evident regarding the level of chemical exposure, cancer risks, and negative health consequences of hookah use. Respondents preferred warning labels that factually listed health consequences rather than labels that used "sensationalistic" wording (eg, "kills") or technical terms. Participants thought placement of hookah warning labels would be most effective on product packaging or on the door of establishments selling hookah. Respondents thought most of the warning labels would be effective in deterring hookah use; however, the majority stated they would likely continue to use hookah over the next year. CONCLUSIONS: Non-college-attending young adult hookah users preferred hookah health warning labels that are simple, factual, informative, and non-sensationalistic. These results may inform regulations regarding the packaging of tobacco products, specifically in the design and placement of warning labels, which may result in better user message receptivity.

Hookah Use and Perceptions among Young Adult Hookah Users.

BACKGROUND: Despite declining cigarette use, hookah use has increased substantially among youth and young adults. This is alarming, as hookah can lead to the same health risks as cigarettes and expose users to a high amount of smoke, nicotine, and toxicants. Determining patterns of hookah use and perceptions in young adults is important in prevention efforts. METHODS: Structured in-person interviews were conducted for this qualitative study in June 2016. Twenty-three hookah users between the ages of 18 and 29 years living in Austin, TX who were not currently enrolled in a college or university completed the interview. NVivo 11 Pro was utilized to code transcribed transcripts for common themes among participants. RESULTS: When trying hookah for the first time, all participants had used flavored tobacco, with fruit flavors being most popular at initiation and for current use. Many participants initiated hookah use under the age of 18 years old. While only one participant initiated hookah use alone, one-third of participants had smoked hookah alone, not in the company of others. The majority of participants owned or previously owned their own hookah device. Common motivational factors for hookah use involved being social, taste, and the calming/relaxation effect. Participants perceived hookah use to be both harmful and addictive; however, many participants were unsure if hookah was more harmful to health than cigarettes. CONCLUSION: Young adults who are not currently enrolled in college may have similar hookah use behaviors and risk perceptions as do college students, yet non-college students in this sample are using hookah alone and report owning a hookah device. This study supports the need for research on the effect of policy changes on hookah use, receptivity to warning labels, and programs to correct misperceptions.

Recall of Point-of-Sale Marketing Predicts Cigar and E-Cigarette Use Among Texas Youth.

Introduction: While research has documented associations between recall of point-of-sale (POS) tobacco marketing and youth tobacco use, much of the research is cross-sectional and focused on cigarettes. The present longitudinal study examined recall of tobacco marketing at the POS and multiple types of tobacco use 6 months later. Methods: The Texas Adolescent Tobacco Advertising and Marketing Surveillance System (TATAMS) is a large-scale, representative study of 6th, 8th, and 10th graders in 79 middle and high schools in five counties in Texas. Weighted logistic regression examined associations between recall of tobacco advertisements and products on display at baseline and ever use, current use, and susceptibility to use for cigarette, e-cigarette, cigar, and smokeless products 6 months later. Results: Students' recall of signs marketing e-cigarettes at baseline predicted ever e-cigarette use and increased susceptibility to use e-cigarettes at follow-up, across all store types. Recall of e-cigarette displays only predicted susceptibility to use e-cigarettes at follow-up, across all store types. Both recall of signs marketing cigars and cigar product displays predicted current and ever cigar smoking and increased susceptibility to smoking cigars at follow-up, across all store types. Recall of cigarette and smokeless product marketing and displays was not associated with tobacco use measures. Conclusion: The POS environment continues to be an important influence on youth tobacco use. Restrictions on POS marketing, particularly around schools, are warranted. Implications: Cross-sectional studies have shown that exposure to POS cigarette marketing is associated with use of cigarettes among youth, though longitudinal evidence of the same is sparse and mixed. Cross-sectional studies have found that recall of cigars, smokeless product, and e-cigarette tobacco marketing at POS is associated with curiosity about tobacco use or intentions to use tobacco among youth, but limited longitudinal research has been conducted. Findings from the present longitudinal study suggest that recall of tobacco marketing at retail POS predicts ever use of e-cigarettes and cigars, current use of cigars, and susceptibility to cigar and e-cigarette use among youth.

School Policy, Administrator Perceptions, and Student E-cigarette Use.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated the relationship between school e-cigarette policy and e-cigarette use among students. Secondarily, we examined whether this relationship varied by administrator perceptions about e-cigarette use being "an issue." METHODS: Data were utilized from written school policies, a school tobacco surveillance study of 2755 students (N = 310,412), and administrator interviews in 54 Texas schools. RESULTS: When administrators perceived e-cigarettes as an issue, the odds of ever e-cigarette use, susceptibility to use e-cigarettes, and perceived peer use of e-cigarettes were 0.20-0.54 times lower for students attending schools that had an e-cigarette policy compared to those without a policy (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The impact of school policies on student e-cigarette use behavior is positive if policies are strongly implemented.

Recall of E-cigarette Advertisements and Adolescent E-cigarette Use.

OBJECTIVE: We examined the impact of e-cigarette advertising on e-cigarette use behaviors among youth over time. METHODS: At baseline, 3907 students participated in a youth tobacco surveillance study from 2014-2015 and 2488 students completed a 6-month follow-up. Weighted logistic regression models investigated the recall of e-cigarette advertisements (TV/radio/billboards/retail/Internet) as a risk factor for e-cigarette perceived harm, use, and susceptibility. RESULTS: The odds of ever e-cigarette use was 3 times higher (AOR=2.99; 95% CI, 1.50-5.97) at 6-month follow-up among e-cigarette never-users who recalled e-cigarette advertisements in retail stores at baseline, compared to those who did not. Likewise, the odds of current e-cigarette use and susceptibility to e-cigarette use at 6-month follow-up were 2.03 (95% CI, 1.11-3.72) and 1.77 (95% CI, 1.20-2.61), respectively. Additionally, recall of e-cigarette advertisements on the Internet at baseline was significantly related to current use (AOR=2.17; 95% CI, 1.05-4.48) and susceptibility to use e-cigarettes (AOR=1.72;95% CI, 1.15-2.58) at 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Recall of e-cigarette advertisements at point-of-sale and on the Internet was significantly associated with adolescent e-cigarette susceptibility and use, which supports the need to minimize adolescent exposure to these advertisements.

Tobacco Marketing, E-cigarette Susceptibility, and Perceptions among Adults.

OBJECTIVE: Understanding the impact of tobacco marketing on e-cigarette (EC) susceptibility and perceptions is essential to inform efforts to mitigate tobacco product burden on public health. METHODS: Data were collected online in 2016 from 634 conventional cigarette (CC) smokers and 393 non-smokers using a convenience sample from Amazon Mechanical Turk. Logistic regression models, stratified by smoking status and adjusted for socio-demographics, examined the relationship among tobacco advertisements and coupons, EC and CC susceptibility, and EC perceptions. RESULTS: Among non-smokers, increased exposure to tobacco advertising and receiving tobacco coupons was significantly related to measures of EC and CC susceptibility (p < .05). Older, more educated non-smokers had decreased odds of EC susceptibility (p < .05). Additionally, increased exposure to tobacco advertising was significantly associated with the perceptions of EC not containing nicotine and being less addictive than CC among smokers (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Increased exposure to tobacco advertising outlets could influence future EC and CC use in non-smokers and perceptions in smokers, while receiving coupons could affect EC and CC susceptibility among non-smokers. Future research is needed to determine whether policies to minimize exposure to tobacco marketing reduce EC use by decreasing susceptibility.