ABSTRACT
Free Living Amoebae (FLA) are considered ubiquitous. FLAs may infect various biological organisms which act as reservoir hosts. Infected freshwater fishes can pose a public health concern due to possible human consumption. This study aims to identify possible pathogenic FLAs present in freshwater fishes. Seventy five (75) Oreochromis niloticus were studied for the presence of FLAs. Fish organs were suspended in physiologic saline pelleted and cultured in non-nutrient agar (NNA) lawned with Escherichia coli and were incubated in 33 °C for 14 days. Eighteen (18) fish gills and nineteen (19) fish intestine samples presented with positive growth. Trophozoites and cystic stages of FLAs were subcultured until homogenous growth was achieved. Cells were harvested from cultured plates and DNA was extracted using Chelex resin. DNA was subjected to polymerase chain reaction using universal forward primer EukA and reverse primer EukB targeting the 18s RNA. Of the 37 plates that presented with positive amoebic growth, 9 samples showed the presence of DNAs and were sent for further purification and sequencing. Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) results showed that protists isolated from fish organs in Lake Taal include: Eocercomonas (HM536152), Colpoda steinii (KJ607915) and Vermamoeba vermiformis (KC161965). The results showed that fresh-water fishes can harbour FLAs in the gut. It is proposed that freshwater reservoirs utilized for aquaculture be monitored for the presence of FLAs and extensive study be conducted on the pathogenicity of bacterial endosymbionts and infecting viruses to its mammalian and non-mammalian host.
Subject(s)
Amebiasis/veterinary , Cichlids/parasitology , Fish Diseases/parasitology , Tubulina/isolation & purification , Amebiasis/parasitology , Animals , DNA, Protozoan/chemistry , DNA, Protozoan/isolation & purification , Fisheries , Fresh Water , Gills/parasitology , Intestines/parasitology , Lakes , Philippines , Phylogeny , Sequence Alignment , Trophozoites/isolation & purification , Trophozoites/physiology , Trophozoites/ultrastructure , Tubulina/classification , Tubulina/geneticsSubject(s)
Purpura Fulminans/microbiology , Purpura Fulminans/therapy , Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology , Staphylococcal Infections/therapy , Biopsy , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Severity of Illness Index , Skin Transplantation , Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an emerging technology that can measure tissue oxygen saturation levels (StO2) and has many potential clinical applications. NIRS devices have been studied in various disease states in the pediatric as well as adult populations. A review of this technology, with its potential applications and a review of current evidence is presented. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: NIRS-derived regional tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) is superior to pulse oximetry as it measures tissue oxygen saturation and reflects imbalance between oxygen supply and local demand. Becoming more widely available, it still does not have a firmly established role due to its technical limitations and to the lack of large multi-centric randomized controlled studies necessary to confirm its utility, cost-benefit effectiveness and role in improving patient outcomes. CONCLUSION: Widespread availability, ease of use, non-invasive nature and continuous data display makes it an attractive option for bedside clinical monitoring.
