Comparison of harmonic shears, diode laser, and scissor cutting and suturing for caudal palatoplasty in dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome.

Traditionally, staphylectomy has been performed using scissors cutting and suturing. Alternative surgical techniques such as staphylectomy with monopolar electrocoagulation, CO2 or diode laser, bipolar vessel sealing device and harmonic shears have also been described. The purpose of this prospective study was to compare the difference in surgical time, intraoperative haemorrhage and histological damage between staphylectomy performed with harmonic shears (HSS), diode laser (DLS) and traditional scissor 'cutting and suturing' technique with Metzenbaum scissors (SIS). Group HSS included 17 dogs, whereas Group DLS and Group SIS included 10 dogs each. Double masked histological evaluation was performed on the excised specimens. The harmonic shears resulted in the shortest surgical times (HSS 46 s, DLS 300 s, SIS 360 s; P < 0.001). There was a difference in the intraoperative haemorrhage among the three techniques; intraoperative haemorrhage did not occur in HSS and DLS groups. HSS was associated with more frequent damage involving the connective tissue (P = 0.001), muscle (P = 0.038), salivary gland tissue (P < 0.001), but less oedema was observed (P < 0.001). HSS was the fastest of the techniques evaluated for caudal elongated soft palate resection, resulting in less tissue oedema, and no intra-operative haemorrhage. These characteristics might result in reduced postoperative swelling and airway obstruction compared to other techniques.

Resection of vaginal septum using endoscopic-guided sealing devices in female dogs: 8 cases (2015-2018).

OBJECTIVES: Vestibulovaginal septal remnants are congenital anomalies that are often concurrent with ectopic ureters in bitches. During endoscopic laser ablation of the ectopic ureter, the vaginal septum should be cut in the same surgical session. However, sometimes, the septal length and thickness make the procedure extremely long and challenging with lasers. This study aimed to describe the use of sealing devices for septal cuts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched medical records for female dogs presented for ectopic ureters with endoscopic laser ablation that had a vaginal septum equal or longer than 4 cm in length that were treated using vesseal-sealing devices. RESULTS: Medical records of 37 patients were retrieved. Of those, 8 patients were eligible for inclusion in the case series. Weight of included dogs ranged from 10 to 27 kg, and age ranged from 3 to 60 months. Three of these patients had the septum resected using the LigaSure™ device, and five of them using the ENSEAL® device. The median time of septum resection using the vessel-sealing devices was 100 seconds (range 60 to 130s). No obvious complications were detected when using the described technique. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The sealing devices used by the authors allowed a rapid and uneventful resection of the vaginal septum in the cases described herein.

Comparative study of surgical and oncological outcomes in oncoplastic versus non oncoplastic breast-conserving surgery for breast cancer treatment.

BACKGROUND: Oncoplastic surgery has been increasingly used in breast cancer treatment and allows the performance of breast-conserving surgery in cases of larger tumors with unfavorable location or tumor-breast disproportion. PURPOSE: To compare surgical and oncological outcomes of patients undergoing oncoplastic and nononcoplastic breast-conserving surgery. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study with convenience sampling of 866 patients who consecutively underwent breast-conserving surgery from 2011 to 2015. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 50.4 months. Nononcoplastic breast conservation surgery was performed on 768 (88.7%) patients and oncoplastic surgery on 98 (11.3%) patients. Patients in the oncoplastic group were younger (p<0.0001) and most were premenopausal (p<0.0001). Comorbidities such as diabetes (p=0.003) and hypertension (p=0.0001) were less frequent in this population. Invasive carcinoma >2 cm (p<0.0001), multifocality (p=0.004), ductal in situ carcinoma (p=0.0007), clinically positive axilla (p=0.004), and greater weight of surgical specimens (p<0.0001) were more frequent in the oncoplastic group. A second surgery for margin re-excision was more frequently performed in the nononcoplastic group (p=0.027). There was more scar dehiscence in the oncoplastic group (p<0.001), but there was no difference in early major complications (p=0.854), conversion to mastectomy (p=0.92), or local recurrence (p=0.889). CONCLUSION: Although used for the treatment of larger and multifocal tumors, surgical re-excisions were performed less often in the oncoplastic group, and there was no increase in conversion to mastectomy or local recurrence. In spite of the higher rate of overall complications in the oncoplastic group, major complications were similar in both groups.

Polymeric micelles in drug delivery: An insight of the techniques for their characterization and assessment in biorelevant conditions.

Polymeric micelles, i.e. aggregation colloids formed in solution by self-assembling of amphiphilic polymers, represent an innovative tool to overcome several issues related to drug administration, from the low water-solubility to the poor drug permeability across biological barriers. With respect to other nanocarriers, polymeric micelles generally display smaller size, easier preparation and sterilization processes, and good solubilization properties, unfortunately associated with a lower stability in biological fluids and a more complicated characterization. Particularly challenging is the study of their interaction with the biological environment, essential to predict the real in vivo behavior after administration. In this review, after a general presentation on micelles features and properties, different characterization techniques are discussed, from the ones used for the determination of micelles basic characteristics (critical micellar concentration, size, surface charge, morphology) to the more complex approaches used to figure out micelles kinetic stability, drug release and behavior in the presence of biological substrates (fluids, cells and tissues). The techniques presented (such as dynamic light scattering, AFM, cryo-TEM, X-ray scattering, FRET, symmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) and density ultracentrifugation), each one with their own advantages and limitations, can be combined to achieve a deeper comprehension of polymeric micelles in vivo behavior. The set-up and validation of adequate methods for micelles description represent the essential starting point for their development and clinical success.

Closure of an unusual morphology patent ductus arteriosus with a covered stent in a dog.

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with unusual morphology was diagnosed in a 3-year-old German shepherd presented for exercise intolerance. Two interventional PDA closure procedures with various Amplatzer devices and one surgical ligation were attempted to close the PDA. However, PDA closure failed with both methods due to the unusual morphology and the severe enlarged ductus ampulla. Therefore, the patient underwent an aortic covered stent placement, and successful closure of the PDA was achieved. Eight months after the procedure, the dog was free of clinical signs and no residual flow was identified through the PDA on transthoracic echocardiography. Moreover, computed tomography angiography demonstrated correct stent positioning, with no evidence of thrombus formation, damage to the stent, nor any aortic wall abnormalities. Aortic covered stent placement is a viable option in dogs with unusual PDA morphology.

Cell penetrating peptides in ocular drug delivery: State of the art.

Despite the increasing number of effective therapeutics for eye diseases, their treatment is still challenging due to the presence of effective barriers protecting eye tissues. Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs), synthetic and natural short amino acid sequences able to cross cellular membrane thanks to a transduction domain, have been proposed as possible enhancing strategies for ophthalmic delivery. In this review, a general description of CPPs classes, design approaches and proposed cellular uptake mechanisms will be provided to the reader as an introduction to ocular CPPs application, together with an overview of the main problems related to ocular administration. The results obtained with CPPs for the treatment of anterior and posterior segment eye diseases will be then introduced, with a focus on non-invasive or minimally invasive administration, shifting from CPPs capability to obtain intracellular delivery to their ability to cross biological barriers. The problems related to in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models used to investigate CPPs mediated ocular delivery will be also addressed together with potential ocular toxicity issues.

Microemulsion containing triamcinolone acetonide for buccal administration.

The aim of the present work was to investigate the potential of microemulsions for the buccal administration of triamcinolone acetonide. Microemulsions were developed by the construction of pseudoternary phase diagrams, using the aqueous titration method. Among all microemulsions prepared and tested for stability, three were selected and submitted to characterization and in vitro permeation/retention experiments, using pig esophageal epithelium, an accepted model of the buccal mucosa. Furthermore, one microemulsion was added of excipients (stearylamine, CTAB and chitosan) able to alter the charge of droplets. The results obtained show that the permeation of triamcinolone acetonide across pig esophageal epithelium was not influenced by the droplet size nor by the composition, but only by the presence of chitosan, polysaccharide able to increase the transport across mono and stratified epithelia. The determination of the permeation parameters allowed us to show that chitosan acts on the diffusion parameter across the tissue and not on the partitioning parameter; for the same reason the tissue retention of triamcinolone acetonide was not modified. Triamcinolone flux (2.6 µg cm-2 h-1) was too low to make systemic administration feasible (dose required 2.5 to 60 mg/day). The amount of triamcinolone acetonide recovered in the mucosa after only 10 min. of microemulsion application was much higher than after overnight application of the commercial paste Omicilon® A. This suggests that triamcinolone acetonide microemulsions can be an interesting alternative to the commercial formulation to treat diseases of the buccal mucosa. Owing to the fast uptake by the tissue, the formulation can be used as a mouthwash.

Modified semitendinosus muscle transposition to repair ventral perineal hernia in 14 dogs.

OBJECTIVES: To describe a modified technique of semitendinosus muscle transposition for the repair of ventral perineal hernia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of case records of dogs with ventral perineal hernia that were treated by transposing the medial half of the longitudinally split semitendinosus muscle of one limb. The transposition of the internal obturator muscle was used when uni- or bilateral rectal sacculation was also present in addition to ventral perineal hernia; colopexy and vas deferens pexy were also performed. RESULTS: Fourteen dogs were included. In addition to ventral perineal hernia, unilateral and bilateral perineal hernia was also present in five and six of the dogs, respectively. The mean follow-up time was 890 days. Ventral perineal hernia was successfully managed by the modified semitendinosus muscle transposition with minor complications in all the dogs included in the study. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Despite the small number of dogs included, the unilateral transposition of the medial half of the longitudinally split semitendinosus muscle consistently supported the ventral rectal enlargement in perineal hernia without obvious adverse effects.

In vitro permeability of a model protein across ocular tissues and effect of iontophoresis on the transscleral delivery.

The aim of this work was to study the penetration of cytochrome c, a positively charged model protein (MW 12.4 kDa, charge at pH 8.2: +9), across different ocular tissues, and to evaluate the potential of iontophoresis to enhance and control the transscleral transport. The passive transport of cytochrome c across the sclera and across the bilayer choroid-Bruch's membrane was evaluated using Franz diffusion cells and porcine tissues. The affinity of cytochrome c for melanin was measured by means of in vitro binding experiments. The iontophoretic (anodal) permeation was studied as a function of donor concentration (from 5 to 70 mg/ml) and current intensity (from 0.9 to 3.5 mA; density from 1.5 to 5.8 mA/cm(2)), and the contribution of electroosmosis on cytochrome c transport was evaluated by using a high molecular weight fluorescent dextran (FD-150, 149 kDa) as neutral marker. Finally, the possibility of tuning cytochrome c permeation rate was investigated on a 70 mg/ml cytochrome c solution, by alternating passive permeation and iontophoresis at different intensities. Cytochrome c permeated the sclera with a passive permeability coefficient of about 2.5 × 10(-6)cm/s, comparable to molecules of similar molecular radius. The choroid-Bruch's layer was an important barrier to penetration, since its presence reduced 5-7 times the amount permeated after 5h, also because of the presence of melanin that binds cytochrome. Iontophoresis (2.9 mA/cm(2)) enhanced cytochrome c penetration across the sclera at all the concentrations tested, increasing about ten times the amount permeated after 2h. The effect was proportional to current density: the enhancement factor (measured on a 10mg/ml solution), resulted 6.0 ± 4.3 (i=0.9 mA; density=1.5 mA/cm(2)), 10.6 ± 4.1 (i=1.75 mA; density=2.9 mA/cm(2)), 33.2 ± 8.3 (i=1.75 mA; density=5.8 mA/cm(2)). Iontophoretic (density=2.9 mA/cm(2)) experiments performed with FD-150, an electroosmotic flow (EO) marker, demonstrated that cytochrome c, at concentration higher that 1mg/ml, dramatically reduced the EO flow and that, despite the high MW, the main mechanism for cytochrome c iontophoretic permeation is electrorepulsion. Finally, by alternating in the same experiment passive permeation and iontophoresis at different current intensities, a precise modulation of cytochrome c release was obtained, thus indicating the possibility of tuning the release as a function of specific therapeutic needs.

In vitro trans-scleral iontophoresis of methylprednisolone hemisuccinate with short application time and high drug concentration.

Trans-scleral iontophoresis, i.e. the application of small electric current to enhance drug transport across sclera is an option for non-invasive delivery of corticosteroids to the posterior segment of the eye. In this paper, in vitro trans-scleral iontophoresis of methylprednisolone hemisuccinate was investigated using concentrated drug solutions and short application times to mimic the iontophoretic conditions of in vivo studies. The drug at the donor concentration of 45 mg/ml was delivered through isolated porcine sclera under passive and iontophoretic conditions (cathodal, 2.4 mA) for 2-15 min. In a second set of experiments, the drug was delivered for 5 min at current intensities of 0.9-7.2 mA. After donor removal, drug release was followed up to 24 h. The exposure of concentrated solutions to sclera for 2-15 min under passive conditions caused a notable accumulation of drug up to 0.8 mg/cm², the release of which was successively followed for 24 h. In cathodal iontophoresis, the amount of accumulated drug increased proportionally to the charge between 0.3 and 1.44 Coulomb. When the charge was increased to 2.16 Coulomb by increasing the application time or current intensity, no further enhancement was recorded. This behaviour can be ascribed to substantial drug adsorption on the scleral tissue, as demonstrated through streaming potential studies, with the consequent increase of the electroosmotic flow that opposes drug transport. The set up suggested here could help in defining the optimal conditions for in vivo studies with animal models and reducing the number of in vivo experiments.

miRNAs in endothelial cell signaling: the endomiRNAs.

microRNAs (miRNAs) have a pivotal role during the formation and function of the cardiovascular system. More than 300 miRNAs have been currently found within the mammalian genome, however only few specific miRNAs, named endomiRNAs, showed conseved endothelial cell expression and function. In this review we present an overview of the currently known endomiRNAs, focusing on their genome localization, processing and target gene repression during vasculogenesis and angiogenesis.

Double-J ureteral stenting in nine cats with ureteral obstruction.

Ureteral stenting is a common practice in human medicine and has recently been reported in dogs and cats to provide urinary diversion for ureteral obstructions caused by ureteroliths, strictures, neoplasia, and in an attempt to prevent postoperative complications following ureteral anastomosis. The aim of this report is to describe a surgical technique of ureteral stenting and the follow-up and complications in nine cats. Number 3 French double-J catheters were used during open surgery for ureterotomy/ureterolith removal in eight cats and for segmental ureterectomy/end-to-end anastomosis in one cat for a localized benign stricture. Neoureterocystostomy was necessary in eight of the cats. Uroperitoneum did not occur. Stents were still in place in 7/9 animals after 357-1,565 days (median 1,277 days). A minor complication (stent migration) occurred in one cat, but stent removal was not required. Major complications were encrustation and persistent stranguria (in one cat each), requiring stent removal at 90 and 123 days, respectively. The first cat had a new stent inserted but was euthanased 3 months later for progressive renal failure. Despite the small number of cats, both the outcome and long-term stent tolerance observed in most cases suggest that ureteral stenting is a safe, adjunctive measure to ureteral surgery, mainly for concomitant ureteral and renal pelvic stones to prevent further obstruction and avoid pyelotomy/nephrotomy. However, smaller stents should be used to decrease the need for ureteral surgery.

Interpretation of the human skin biotribological behaviour after tape stripping.

The present study deals with the modification of the human skin biotribological behaviour after tape stripping. The tape-stripping procedure consists in the sequential application and removal of adhesive tapes on the skin surface in order to remove stratum corneum (SC) layers, which electrically charges the skin surface. The skin electric charges generated by tape stripping highly change the skin friction behaviour by increasing the adhesion component of the skin friction coefficient. It has been proposed to rewrite the friction adhesion component as the sum of two terms: the first classical adhesion term depending on the intrinsic shear strength, τ(0), and the second term depending on the electric shear strength, τ(elec). The experimental results allowed to estimate a numerical value of the electric shear strength τ(elec). Moreover, a plan capacitor model with a dielectric material inside was used to modelize the experimental system. This physical model permitted to evaluate the friction electric force and the electric shear strength values to calculate the skin friction coefficient after the tape stripping. The comparison between the experimental and the theoretical value of the skin friction coefficient after the tape stripping has shown the importance of the electric charges on skin biotribological behaviour. The static electric charges produced by tape stripping on the skin surface are probably able to highly modify the interaction of formulations with the skin surface and their spreading properties. This phenomenon, generally overlooked, should be taken into consideration as it could be involved in alteration of drug absorption.

Porcine sclera as a model of human sclera for in vitro transport experiments: histology, SEM, and comparative permeability.

PURPOSE: To evaluate porcine sclera as a model of human sclera for in vitro studies of transscleral drug delivery of both low and high molecular weight compounds. METHODS: Human and porcine scleras were characterized for thickness and water content. The tissue surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the histology was studied with hematoxylin-eosin staining. Comparative permeation experiments were performed using three model molecules, acetaminophen as the model compound for small molecules; a linear dextran with a molecular weight of 120 kDa as the model compound for high molecular weight drugs; and insulin, which was chosen as the model protein. Permeation parameters such as flux, lag time, and permeability coefficient were determined and compared. RESULTS: Human and porcine scleras have a similar histology and collagen bundle organization. The water content is approx 70% for both tissues while a statistically significant difference was found for the thickness, porcine sclera being approximately twofold thicker than human sclera. Differences in thickness produced differences in the permeability coefficient. In fact, human sclera was found to be two to threefold more permeable toward the three molecules studied than porcine sclera. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained in the present paper prove that porcine sclera can be considered a good model for human sclera for in vitro permeation experiments of both low and high molecular weight compounds. In fact, if the different tissue thickness is taken into account, comparable permeability was demonstrated. This suggests a possible use of this model in the evaluation of the transscleral permeation of new biotech compounds, which currently represent the most innovative and efficient therapeutic options for the treatment of ocular diseases.

Nutritional value of traditional Italian meat-based dishes: influence of cooking methods and recipe formulation.

The present study provides a picture of the compositional figure and nutritive value of meat-based dishes typical of Italian culinary tradition. Recipes specific for a bovine meat cut (top-side) were selected among the most widespread ones in Italy: in pan, pizzaiola, cutlet, meat ball, and escalope. The total fat and cholesterol content varied depending on the ingredients utilized (extra-virgin olive oil, parmesan, egg). Meat-based dishes that utilized extra-virgin olive oil showed a significant reduction in palmitic and stearic acids and a parallel increase in oleic acid compared with raw meat; furthermore, the ratio among saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids shifted in favour of monounsaturated fatty acids. B vitamins were affected at different extent by heating; by contrast, vitamin E content increased because of the new sources of this vitamin, which masked losses due to heating. Ingredients (parmesan, discretionary salt) induced significant increases in the calcium and sodium concentrations compared with raw meat. The total iron content did not show marked differences in most of the meat-based dishes compared with raw meat; by contrast, losses in the heme-iron concentration were detected depending on the severity of heating treatments. Our findings suggest that heme iron, because of its important health aspects, might be a useful index of the nutritional quality of cooked meats.

A new approach to describe the skin surface physical properties in vivo.

In the present paper, we describe a new mechanical method characterising the physico-chemical properties of human skin and their variations along with liquid exposure scenario to the skin surface. A specific bio-tribometer has been developed to study the physical properties of the skin in vivo by measuring the maximum adhesion force between the skin and the bio-tribometer. We showed that the lipidic film present on skin surface was responsible for skin adhesion due to capillary phenomena. The measure of pull-off force between skin and bio-tribometer has permitted to estimate the liquid/vapour surface tension of the lipidic film (gamma(LV) approximately 6.3mJ/m(2) in 30-year-old volunteer). The kinetic of sorption/desorption (sorption means indifferently adsorption and absorption process) of distilled water from the skin has been observed through the variation of the indenter/skin pull-off force versus time after distilled water application to the skin surface. This permits to follow in real time the variation of the skin physico-chemical properties after liquid application onto the skin surface. Finally, the increasing of skin friction coefficient after distilled water application onto skin surface was explained by the capillary adhesion force between the probe and the skin.

Characterization of rabbit ear skin as a skin model for in vitro transdermal permeation experiments: histology, lipid composition and permeability.

AIM: The aim of this work was to characterize rabbit ear skin in view of its use in transdermal permeation experiments. METHOD: The characterization included histological analysis of the tissue, qualitative and quantitative analysis of stratum corneum (SC) lipids, differential scanning calorimetry and permeation experiments (caffeine, nicotinamide, progesterone). As a reference, pig ear skin was used. RESULTS: The results obtained show that rabbit ear skin has a similar SC thickness compared to pig skin although the viable epidermis has a different structure. The lipid composition of rabbit SC was similar to pig SC but was characterized by a lower content of ceramides and a higher content of cholesterol esters and triglycerides. In terms of permeability, rabbit ear skin was 4-7 times less permeable to hydrophilic compounds, probably because of the higher lipophilicity of its SC. The permeability to progesterone was comparable between isolated pig epidermis and rabbit ear skin. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results obtained in this work support the usefulness of rabbit ear skin as barrier for skin penetration studies, for both lipophilic and hydrophilic permeants.

Ethyl-paraben and nicotinamide mixtures: apparent solubility, thermal behavior and X-ray structure of the 1:1 co-crystal.

This work aims at investigating the nicotinamide (NA)-ethyl-paraben (EP) binary system both in solution and in the solid state. In particular, the apparent EP solubility in water was studied in the presence of different NA concentrations (between 0.28 and 1.64 M). It was found that the apparent EP solubility increase (nearly twofold) observed at the highest NA concentration tested can be ascribed to a change in the polarity of the solvent mixture, rather than to a direct effect of NA on EP. The effect of fusion and re-crystallization from water or ethanol solutions on EP and NA mixtures was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry, elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction both on powder and single crystal. It was discovered that EP and NA form a co-crystal having a 1:1 molar composition that can be easily crystallized from ethanol. Single crystal X-ray analysis of this species revealed that the NA and EP molecules form corrugated layers within which the two components are intimately associated by a dense network of hydrogen bonds. In the presence of an excess NA in solution, the EP-NA co-crystal has lower water solubility with respect to both the single co-crystal formers and precipitates in aqueous solutions at ambient temperature.

In vitro skin permeation and retention of parabens from cosmetic formulations.

Parabens are antimicrobial agents widely used in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Although non-mutagenic, non-teratogenic and non-carcinogenic, parabens can induce allergic contact dermatitis and posses estrogenic activity. The aim of this work was to assess the skin permeation and retention of methyl- (MP), ethyl- (EP) and propyl- (PP) paraben from three commercial cosmetic creams. The results obtained indicate that parabens are capable of permeating through and accumulating in the skin. The extent of penetration depends more on paraben characteristics (solubility, lipophilicity) than on the composition of the formulation. In particular, the percentage permeated across the skin was independent of the composition of the cream used and decreased in the order MP, EP and PP, in accordance with decreasing solubility. After 8 h of contact with the skin, 60% of MP, 40% of EP and 20% of PP were found across the skin. Concerning skin retention, the percentage remaining in the skin after 8 h depends on both paraben characteristics and on the composition of the formulation used. In conclusion, it appears that only the type of paraben, in particular its water solubility, affects skin penetration whereas the composition of the emulsion, which influences skin retention, plays a secondary role. Finally, excised rabbit ear skin can be considered as a good model for human skin for in vitro experiments.

New transdermal bioadhesive film containing oxybutynin: In vitro permeation across rabbit ear skin.

Oxybutynin is used extensively in the treatment of patients with overactive bladder. The aim of this work was to realize and test in vitro a new transdermal bioadhesive film containing oxybutynin. Transdermal films were prepared by dissolving in water an adhesive (Plastoid), a film-forming polymer (polyvinyl alcohol), a plasticizer (sorbitol) and the drug. The mixture was then spread on siliconized paper and oven-dried. Permeation experiments were conducted in Franz-type diffusion cells using rabbit ear skin as barrier. The donor compartment contained a water solution, the prepared film (with or without backing) or the commercial patch (Oxytrol). The experiments were performed for 24h. Oxybutynin showed good permeation characteristics across the skin. When the film was applied in occlusive conditions the release profiles were much higher than in non-occlusive conditions, reaching 50% of drug permeated after 24h. Compared to the commercial patch Oxytrol, the film was more efficient suggesting that a smaller area or a lower drug loading could be employed. The results obtained show that the bioadhesive film can be a promising and innovative therapeutic system for the transdermal administration of oxybutynin.