Residents' future residential preference and its affecting factors in the rapid urbanization zone of rural China from a family life cycle perspective.

Understanding farmers' future residential preferences and the factors affecting these choices is crucial for tackling the issues related to hollow village management and rural planning. Despite limited research on the role of the family life cycle, this study explores how the family life cycle, characteristics of the household head, livelihood strategies, and resource availability shape farmers' future residential preferences. Data were collected from 777 households in China's main grain-producing area. The findings reveal that 52.90% of households prefer to stay in their current rural residences. Other favored options are elderly care facilities (13.90%), living with children in the village (12.36%), and ancestral homes (11.68%). The family life cycle significantly affects these preferences (p < 0.01), with changes in family structure and age leading to different living choices. Specifically, households in the initial (71.29%), burden (70.32%), and stable stages (40.14%) prefer their current rural residences, while those in the maintenance and empty-nest stages opt for living with their children's residences (22.22% and 16.96%, respectively) or in elderly care facilities (30.00% and 33.93%). Meanwhile, age, health, income, livelihood strategies, and land ownership also markedly influence the choice of residence. Recommendations include educational programs for elderly rural residents, improving older individuals' adaptability to rural changes, creating more rural employment opportunities, and enhancing medical and infrastructural services for the sustainable rural development.

Continuing medical education in China: evidence from primary health workers' preferences for continuing traditional Chinese medicine education.

BACKGROUND: Continuing Medical Education (CME) is an important part of the training process for health workers worldwide. In China, training in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) not only improves the expertise of medical workers, but also supports the Chinese Government's policy of promoting TCM as an equal treatment to western medicine. CME, including learning Traditional Chinese Medicine Technologies (TCMTs), perform poorly and research into the motivation of health workers to engage in CME is urgently required. Using a discrete choice experiment, this study assessed the CME learning preferences of primary health workers, using TCMT as a case study of CME programs. METHODS: We conducted a discrete choice experiment among health workers in Shandong Province, Guizhou Province, and Henan provinces from July 1, 2021 to October 1, 2022 on the TCMT learning preferences of primary health workers. The mixed logit model and latent class analysis model were used to analyze primary health workers' TCMT learning preferences. RESULTS: A total of 1,063 respondents participated in this study, of which 1,001 (94.2%) passed the consistency test and formed the final sample. Our key finding was that there were three distinct classes of TCMT learners. Overall, the relative importance of the seven attributes impacting the learning of TCMTs were: learning expenses, expected TCMT efficacy, TCMT learning difficulty, TCMT mode of learning, TCMT type, time required to learn, and expected frequency of TCMT use. However, these attributes differed significantly across the three distinct classes of TCMT learners. Infrequent users (class 1) were concerned with learning expenses and learning difficulty; workaholics (class 2) focused on the mode of learning; and pragmatists (class 3) paid more attention to the expected TCMT efficacy and the expected frequency of TCMT use. We recommend targeted strategies to motivate TCMT learning suited to the requirements of each class of TCMT learners. CONCLUSION: Rather than a single TCMT medical education program for primary health workers, CME programs should be targeted at different classes of TCMT learners.

Differences in medical costs between TCM users and TCM nonusers in inpatients with thalassemia.

BACKGROUND: Thalassemia has brought serious health threats and economic burdens to patients worldwide. There is no sovereign remedy for thalassemia, both conventional and Traditional Medicine (TM) methods have certain effects on this disease. As typical of TM, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been widely used in the treatment of thalassemia. Previous studies mainly focused on conventional treatments for thalassemia and patients' medical burden, but no research has examined the effects of TCM use on the economic burdens for thalassemia inpatients in mainland China. The main objective of this study is to compare the medical cost differences between TCM users and TCM nonusers, furtherly, we will discuss the role of TCM use in the treatment of thalassemia. METHODS: We employed the 2010-2016 Medicare claims database provided by the China Health Insurance Research Association (CHIRA). Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze the differences between TCM users and TCM nonusers. Multiple regression analysis was performed using the ordinary least squares method to compare the TCM users' inpatient medical cost with TCM nonusers', and to further examine the correlation between TCM cost, conventional medication cost and nonpharmacy cost for TCM users. RESULTS: A total of 588 urban thalassemia inpatients were identified, including 222 TCM users and 366 TCM nonusers. The inpatient medical cost of TCM users was RMB10,048 (USD1,513), which was significantly higher than TCM nonusers (RMB1,816 (USD273)). Total inpatient cost for TCM users was 67.4% higher than those of TCM nonusers (P < 0.001). With confounding factors fixed, we found that the conventional medication cost and nonpharmacy cost were positively correlated with TCM cost. CONCLUSION: Total hospitalization expenses for TCM users were higher than TCM nonusers. Both the conventional medication cost and nonpharmacy cost of TCM users were all higher than TCM nonusers. We infer TCM plays a complementary role, rather than an alternative, in the treatment of thalassemia due to the lack of cooperative treatment guidelines. It is recommended that a cooperative diagnosis and treatment guidelines should be generated to balance the use of TCM and conventional medicine for treating thalassemia, so as to reduce the economic burdens on patients.

Costs of traditional Chinese medicine treatment for inpatients with lung cancer in China: a national study.

BACKGROUND: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has long been a widely recognized medical approach and has been covered by China's basic medical insurance schemes to treat lung cancer. But there was a lack of nationwide research to illustrate the impact of the use of TCM on lung cancer patients' economic burden in mainland China. Therefore, we conduct a nationwide study to reveal whether the use of TCM could increase or decrease the medical expenditure of lung cancer inpatients in mainland China. METHODS: This is a 7-year cross-sectional study from 2010 to 2016. The data is a random sample of 5% from lung cancer claims data records of Chinese Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) and Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI). Mann-Whitney test was used to compare inpatient cost data with positive skewness. Ordinary least squares regression analysis was performed to compare the total TCM users' hospitalization cost with TCM nonusers', to examine whether TCM use is the key factor inducing relatively high medical expenditure. RESULT: A total of 47,393 lung cancer inpatients were included in this study, with 38,697 (81.7%) of them at least using one kind of TCM approach. The per inpatient medical cost of TCM users was RMB18,798 (USD2,830), which was 65.2% significantly higher than that of TCM nonusers (P < 0.001). The medication cost, conventional medication cost, and nonpharmacy cost of TCM users were all higher than TCM nonusers, illustrating the higher medical cost of TCM users was not induced by TCM only. With confounding factors fixed, there was a positive correlation between TCM cost and conventional medication cost, nonpharmacy cost (Coef. = 0.283 and 0.211, all P < 0.001), indicting synchronous increase of TCM costs and conventional medication cost for TCM users. CONCLUSION: The use of TCM could not offset the utilization of conventional medicine, demonstrating TCM mainly played a complementary role but not an alternative role in the inpatient treatment of lung cancer. A joint Clinical Guideline that could balance the use of TCM and Conventional medicine should be developed for the purpose of reducing economic burden for lung cancer inpatients.

Reversible methanol addition to copper Schiff base complexes: a kinetic, structural and spectroscopic study of reactions at azomethine C[double bond, length as m-dash]N bonds.

The reversible methanolysis of an azomethine C[double bond, length as m-dash]N in a series of copper(ii) Schiff base complexes has been investigated through combined spectroscopic, structural, and kinetic studies. Pentadentate copper(ii) complexes [L1-Cu(X)]Y (L1 = 1,2-bis[(1-methyl-2-imidazolyl)methyleneamino]ethane; X = Y = ClO4- (1); X = Y = TfO- (2); X = Y = BF4- (3); X = H2O, Y = (ClO4-)2 (4) spontaneously add methanol in a ligand centered reaction to yield stable, isolable hemiaminal ether product complexes 5-8. In methanol free solution, 5-8 spontaneously release alcohol to regenerate 1-4. The methanol addition reaction is first-order in methanol and first-order in complex with second-order rate constants varying from 1.1 × 10-4 to 187 × 10-4 M-1 s-1 dependent on the donor ability of the axial ligand. Rate constants for methanol elimination vary from 0.67 to 3.7 × 10-4 s-1 with dependence on the counterion and water content of the solvent. Equilibrium constants for methanolysis range from 1.5 to 51 M-1. Structural comparisons of the Schiff base complexes 1-4 and the hemiaminal ether complexes 5-8 suggest methanol addition is favored by the release of ligand strain associated with three planar five-membered chelates in 1-4.

Porphyrazinehexamines and Dinitroporphyrazines: Synthesis, Characterization, and Complementary Electrochemistry.

Unsymmetrical porphyrazines, M[pz(H)(2)(R)(6)], with three substituted pyrroles (substituents, R = -NMe(2), propyl, or 4-tert-butylphenyl) at the periphery and one unsubstituted pyrrole have been synthesized from inexpensive and readily available materials. Linstead crossover macrocyclization of 8 with 9, 11, and 12 gave pigments 1, 3, and 5, respectively. Subsequent demetalation by treatment with TFA gave free-base porphyrazines 2, 4, and 6. Generally, pyrrolines 11 and 12 are better co-cyclization partners and give higher yields for the desired unsymmetrical porphyrazines compared to maleonitriles 9 and 10 when co-cyclized with 8. Nickel porphyrazine 7 was obtained by reaction of 6 with Ni(OAc)(2) in chlorobenzene and dimethylformamide. Both free-base and nickel porphyrazines (6 and 7) were readily nitrated by nitrogen dioxide in CH(2)Cl(2), yielding dinitroporphyrazines 18 and 19, respectively. Electrochemical studies have shown that porphyrazinehexamine 2 is easy to oxidize, having the first oxidation at E(1/2) = - 0.18 V, which is 0.91 and 1.04 V lower than that of 4 and 6, respectively. Dinitroporphyrazine 18, however, displays a 0.6 V of cathodic shift for the two reversible reduction waves compared to those observed for the parent porphyrazine 6.

Peripheral Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes of Bis(dimethylamino)porphyrazine.

The unsymmetrical porphyrazine (tetraazaporphyrin) bearing a single peripheral bis(dimethylamino) functionality, Mg[pz(NMe(2))(2)(Pr)(6)], was prepared by base-catalyzed cross condensation of dipropyl maleonitrile (in excess) with dimethylamino maleonitrile. The freebase (2H[pz(NMe(2))(2)(Pr)(6)]) and centrally metalated forms (M[pz(NMe(2))(2)(Pr)(6)]; M = Ni(II), Cu(II), Mn(III)) were prepared by treatment of Mg[pz(NMe(2))(2)(Pr)(6)] with trifluoroacetic acid and then the appropriate metal salt. PdCl(2) and PtCl(2) were coordinated to the peripheral bis(dimethylamino) chelates, yielding the bimetallic complexes, M[pz(NMe(2))(2)(Pr)(6)]M'Cl(2) (M = Ni, Cu; M' = Pd, Pt). The heteroleptic [N(2)-Pd-S(2)]-capped porphyrazines were prepared readily by substituting the chloride ions of M[pz(NMe(2))(2)(Pr)(6)]PdCl(2) with the dithiolene chelates, maleonitriledithiolate (mnt(2)(-)), benzenedithiolate (bdt(2)(-)), and 1,3-dithiole-2-one-4,5-dithiolate (dmid(2)(-)). The [N(2)-Pt-S(2)] complexes were prepared by reaction of M[pz(NMe(2))(2)(Pr)(6)]PtCl(2) with the dialkyltin-protected dithiolates dibutyltin(toluene-3,4-dithiolate) and dibutyltin(dmit). The peripheral heteroleptic [N(2)-M'-S(2)] core was found to be electroactive for electron-rich dithiolene ligands (bdt(2)(-), E(1/2)(Pd(III)/Pd(II)) = 0.22 V; tdt(2)(-), E(1/2)(Pt(III)/Pt(II)) = 0.20 V; dmid(2)(-), E(1/2)(Pd(III)/Pd(II)) = 0.19 V; dmit(2)(-), E(1/2)(Pt(III)/Pt(II)) = 0.19 V) but not for the relatively electron-poor dithiolene, maleonitriledithiolate (mnt(2)(-)). The X-ray structure of Ni[pz(NMe(2))(2)(Pr)(6)]Pd(mnt) (13) was determined. Crystal data for C(85)H(109)Cl(3)N(24)Ni(2)Pd(2)S(4): space group P2(1)/n; a = 17.435(4) Å, b = 17.982(2) Å, c = 30.577(2) Å; beta = 104.27(2) degrees; Z = 4.

Dinuclear Copper(II) Complexes Incorporating a New Septadentate Polyimidazole Ligand.

The dinuclear copper(II) complexes [Cu(2)(tmihpn)(prz)](ClO(4))(2).2CH(3)CN (6) and [Cu(2)(tmihpn)(O(2)CCH(3))](ClO(4))(2).CH(3)CN (7) were prepared, where tmihpn is the deprotonated form of N,N,N',N'-tetrakis[(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)methyl]-1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol and prz is the pyrazolate anion. The crystal structures of 6 and 7 were determined and revealed that both complexes contain bridging alkoxide ligands as well as bridging pyrazolate and acetate ions, respectively. Crystal data: compound 6, triclinic, P&onemacr;, a = 18.089(2) Å, b = 22.948(3) Å, c = 9.597(2) Å, alpha = 93.37(2) degrees, beta = 94.49(2) degrees, gamma = 81.69(2) degrees, V = 3925.1 Å(3), Z = 4; compound 7, triclinic, P&onemacr;, a = 12.417(2) Å, b = 15.012(3) Å, c = 10.699(2) Å, alpha = 104.76(2) degrees, beta = 102.63(2) degrees, gamma = 99.44(2) degrees, V = 1830.1 Å(3), Z = 2. In compound 6, the coordination geometry around both copper centers resembles a distorted square pyramid, while the stereochemistry around the copper centers in 7 is best described as trigonal bipyramidal. Both complexes display well-resolved isotropically shifted (1)H NMR spectra. Selective substitution studies and integration data have been used to definitively assign several signals to specific ligand protons. Results from the solution (1)H NMR studies suggest that the basal and apical imidazole groups do not exchange rapidly on the NMR time scale and the solid state structures of the complexes are retained in solution. In addition, the magnetochemical characteristics of 6 and 7 were determined and provide evidence for "magnetic orbital switching". Antiferromagnetic coupling in 6 (J = -130 cm(-)(1)) is strong, while the copper centers in compound 7 are ferromagnetically coupled (J = +16.4 cm(-1)). Differences in the magnetic behavior of the two copper centers have been rationalized using the "ligand orbital complementary" concept. The ground state magnetic orbitals involved in spin coupling in 6 (d(x)()()2(-)(y)()()2) are different from those in 7 (d(z)()()2).