Study on the Effect of NTO on the Performance of HMX-Based Aluminized Cast-PBX.

3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) is an explosive with broad application prospects. To study the effect of NTO content on the properties of HMX-based cast-PBX (polymer bonded explosive), five different HMX/NTO-based cast-PBXs were prepared and characterized by experiments and simulations. The results show that the addition of NTO is beneficial to reduce the mechanical sensitivity of cast-PBX, but will reduce the energy level of cast-PBX. We then found that with the increase in NTO content, cast-PBX showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing in terms of mechanical properties, specific heat capacity (Cp) and thermal conductivity (λ). In addition, we found that the Gurney energy (Eg) of N30 is 2.31 kJ/g. Finally, the increase in NTO content greatly improves the thermal safety performance of the cast-PBXs, and numerical simulation of slow cook-off can be used as one reliable method to obtain the ignition location, ignition temperature and the transient temperature distribution.

Initial Decomposition Mechanism of 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) under Shock Loading: ReaxFF Parameterization and Molecular Dynamic Study.

We report a reactive molecular dynamic (ReaxFF-MD) study using the newly parameterized ReaxFF-lg reactive force field to explore the initial decomposition mechanism of 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) under shock loading (shock velocity >6 km/s). The new ReaxFF-lg parameters were trained from massive quantum mechanics data and experimental values, especially including the bond dissociation curves, valence angle bending curves, dihedral angle torsion curves, and unimolecular decomposition paths of 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7). The simulation results were obtained by analyzing the ReaxFF dynamic trajectories, which predicted the most frequent chain reactions that occurred before NTO decomposition was the unimolecular NTO merged into clusters ((C2H2O3N4)n). Then, the NTO dissociated from (C2H2O3N4)n and started to decompose. In addition, the paths of NO2 elimination and skeleton heterocycle cleavage were considered as the dominant initial decomposition mechanisms of NTO. A small amount of NTO dissociation was triggered by the intermolecular hydrogen transfer, instead of the intramolecular one. For α-NTO, the calculated equation of state was in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, the discontinuity slope of the shock-particle velocity equation was presented at a shock velocity of 4 km/s. However, the slope of the shock-particle velocity equation for ß-NTO showed no discontinuity in the shock wave velocity range of 3-11 km/s. These studies showed that MD by using a suitable ReaxFF-lg parameter set, could provided detailed atomistic information to explain the shock-induced complex reaction mechanisms of energetic materials. With the ReaxFF-MD coupling MSST method and a cheap computational cost, one could also obtain the deformation behaviors and equation of states for energetic materials under conditions of extreme pressure.

Theoretical study on the weak interaction and energy performance of nitroformate salts and nitroformate-based propellant formulations.

Nitroformate energetic salts are potential high-performance oxidizers which can be used in a solid propellant. The geometric configuration, the weak interaction, and the energy characteristics of hydrazine nitroformate (HNF), ammonium nitroformate (ANF), aminotriazole nitroformate (ATNF), guanidinium nitroformate (GNF), and aminotetrazole nitroformate (ATTNF) were investigated. Analysis results show that there exist hydrogen bonds in all salts except GNF. The binding energies of salt are between 390 and 430 kJ/mol and are positively correlated with densities and thermodynamic stabilities of salts but show reverse trend on impact sensitivities. Binding energy decomposition indicates that the main interaction in anion and cation is electrostatic interaction. The detonation velocity and specific impulse of five nitroformate salts are in the range of 8.6~9.1 km/s and 2200~2600 N s/kg, respectively. Considering the five selected salts as oxidizers, several propellant formulations were designed and the performances of formulations were predicted. The calculation results show that nitroformate salts obviously reduce characteristic signals and improve specific impulse for propellant formulations.