ABSTRACT
Background: Transgender healthcare is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field. In the last decade, there has been an unprecedented increase in the number and visibility of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people seeking support and gender-affirming medical treatment in parallel with a significant rise in the scientific literature in this area. The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) is an international, multidisciplinary, professional association whose mission is to promote evidence-based care, education, research, public policy, and respect in transgender health. One of the main functions of WPATH is to promote the highest standards of health care for TGD people through the Standards of Care (SOC). The SOC was initially developed in 1979 and the last version (SOC-7) was published in 2012. In view of the increasing scientific evidence, WPATH commissioned a new version of the Standards of Care, the SOC-8. Aim: The overall goal of SOC-8 is to provide health care professionals (HCPs) with clinical guidance to assist TGD people in accessing safe and effective pathways to achieving lasting personal comfort with their gendered selves with the aim of optimizing their overall physical health, psychological well-being, and self-fulfillment. Methods: The SOC-8 is based on the best available science and expert professional consensus in transgender health. International professionals and stakeholders were selected to serve on the SOC-8 committee. Recommendation statements were developed based on data derived from independent systematic literature reviews, where available, background reviews and expert opinions. Grading of recommendations was based on the available evidence supporting interventions, a discussion of risks and harms, as well as the feasibility and acceptability within different contexts and country settings. Results: A total of 18 chapters were developed as part of the SOC-8. They contain recommendations for health care professionals who provide care and treatment for TGD people. Each of the recommendations is followed by explanatory text with relevant references. General areas related to transgender health are covered in the chapters Terminology, Global Applicability, Population Estimates, and Education. The chapters developed for the diverse population of TGD people include Assessment of Adults, Adolescents, Children, Nonbinary, Eunuchs, and Intersex Individuals, and people living in Institutional Environments. Finally, the chapters related to gender-affirming treatment are Hormone Therapy, Surgery and Postoperative Care, Voice and Communication, Primary Care, Reproductive Health, Sexual Health, and Mental Health. Conclusions: The SOC-8 guidelines are intended to be flexible to meet the diverse health care needs of TGD people globally. While adaptable, they offer standards for promoting optimal health care and guidance for the treatment of people experiencing gender incongruence. As in all previous versions of the SOC, the criteria set forth in this document for gender-affirming medical interventions are clinical guidelines; individual health care professionals and programs may modify these in consultation with the TGD person.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The number of adolescents presenting with gender dysphoria (GD) in healthcare services has increased significantly, yet specialized services offering transition-related care (TRC) for trans youth is lacking. AIM: To investigate satisfaction with TRC, regret, and reasons for (dis)satisfaction with transition-related medical interventions (TRMIs) in trans adolescents who had presented to the Hamburg Gender Identity Service for children and adolescents (Hamburg GIS). METHODS: Data were collected from a clinical cohort sample of 75 adolescents and young adults diagnosed with GD (81% assigned female at birth) aged 11 to 21 years (M = 17.4) at baseline and follow-up (on a spectrum of ongoing care, on average 2 years after initial consultation). To determine progress of the youth's medical transitions, an individual treatment progress score (ITPS) was calculated based on number of desired vs received TRMIs. OUTCOMES: Main outcome measures were satisfaction with TRC at the time of follow-up, ITPS, social support, reasons for regret and termination of TRC, and (dis)satisfaction with TRMIs. RESULTS: Participants underwent different stages of TRMIs, such as gender-affirming hormone treatment or surgeries, and showed overall high satisfaction with TRC received at the Hamburg GIS. Regression analysis indicated that a higher ITPS (an advanced transition treatment stage) was predictive of higher satisfaction with TRC. Sex assigned at birth, age, and time since initial consultation at the clinic showed no significant effects for satisfaction with TRC, while degree of social support showed a trend. No adolescents regretted undergoing treatment at follow-up. Additional analysis of free-text answers highlighted satisfaction mostly with the physical results of TRMI. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Because youth were more satisfied with TRC when their individual transition (ITPS) was more progressed, treatment should start in a timely manner to avoid distress from puberty or long waiting lists. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: This study is one of the first to report on treatment satisfaction among youth with GD from Europe. The ITPS allowed for a more detailed evaluation of TRMI wishes and experiences in relation to satisfaction with TRC and may close a gap in research on these treatments in adolescent populations. However, all participants were from the same clinic, and strict treatment eligibility criteria may have excluded certain trans adolescents from the study. Low identification rates with non-binary identities prevented comparisons between non-binary and binary genders. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the role of TRMI and individual treatment or transition progress for youth's overall high satisfaction with TRC received at the Hamburg GIS. Nieder TO, Mayer TK, Hinz S, et al. Individual Treatment Progress Predicts Satisfaction With Transition-Related Care for Youth With Gender Dysphoria: A Prospective Clinical Cohort Study. J Sex Med 2021;18:632-645.
Subject(s)
Gender Dysphoria , Transgender Persons , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Cohort Studies , Europe , Female , Gender Dysphoria/therapy , Gender Identity , Humans , Male , Personal Satisfaction , Prospective Studies , Young AdultABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: This paper introduces the German S3-guideline Gender Incongruence, Gender Dysphoria and Trans Health: Diagnostics, Counselling and Treatment that was finalized in October 2018. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the guideline group was to adapt the 1997 Standards for Treatment and Expert Opinion on Transsexuals to current scientific developments and research results and to make them applicable for appropriate health care in Germany. METHODS: The treatment recommendations of the guideline are based on empirical evidence which was systematically researched and evaluated. In a structured consensus process, the guideline group, who is representative for the target group, and a stakeholder group of trans people in Germany agreed on 100 recommendations. RESULTS: The guideline aims to individualize and deregulate the field of trans health care. Reasonable options for the treatment of gender incongruence and/or gender dysphoria are identified. Based on empirical and clinical evidence, a procedure is recommended which is tailored to the individual conditions of the treatment. CONCLUSION: The guideline reflects the current international state of trans health care on the basis of empirical evidence and relates it to the German health care system. Its application should be backed up by clinical and therapeutic expertise.
Subject(s)
Gender Dysphoria , Transgender Persons , Transsexualism , Counseling , Delivery of Health Care , Gender Dysphoria/diagnosis , Gender Dysphoria/therapy , Gender Identity , Germany , Humans , Transsexualism/diagnosis , Transsexualism/therapyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Historically, the function of psychiatry and psychotherapy in the healthcare treatment of transsexualism has been impaired by the basic assumption that non-conforming gender experiences and behavior are automatically considered as expressions of psychopathology. OBJECTIVE: In line with revision of the diagnostic criteria and changing standards of care and treatment recommendations, the therapeutic relationship between mental healthcare professionals and transgender individuals is critically discussed aiming at providing a needs-based psychiatric and psychotherapeutic treatment and a patient-centered approach for trans persons. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Literature search focusing on the prevalence of trans persons and the presence of accompanying mental disorders. Discussion of professional experiences with mental healthcare of trans persons. RESULTS: Trans persons without clinically relevant mental distress do not need any kind of psychiatric or psychotherapeutic treatment; however, trans people with clinically relevant mental impairment need safe access to mental healthcare without linking the trans identity a priori to a mental disorder. CONCLUSION: In order to ensure individual trans healthcare in the long term, the therapeutic relationship should take into account both the body knowledge and self-determination of trans persons as well as the clinical expertise of mental healthcare professionals.
Subject(s)
Mental Disorders/psychology , Mental Disorders/therapy , Transgender Persons/psychology , Transsexualism/psychology , Transsexualism/therapy , Evidence-Based Medicine , Female , Humans , Male , Psychopathology/methods , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The majority of medical students and medical healthcare providers do not feel comfortable when addressing sexual problems. It was suggested that more courses in sexual health are needed at medical schools to overcome this shortcoming. To assess medical students' interest in and attitude about sexual health education at medical schools in Germany, a 13-item online questionnaire was developed. The link to the questionnaire was distributed at all medical schools in Germany. In total, 3264 medical students (69.9% female) from all 37 medical schools in Germany participated. Students from all universities indicated that contents related to sexual health are taught at their university. The majority (n=1809; 62.1%) answered that courses in sexual health should be mandatory. The types of educational experiences that were viewed as most appropriate were lectures (n=2281, 78.3%) and seminars without patient contact (n=1414, 48.5%). Students were most interested in child sexual abuse and sexually transmitted infections. It should be ensured that all medical students have acquired basic knowledge in diagnosing and treating frequent sexual problems at the end of their medical studies. Suggestions are made about how to improve current efforts of sexual health education at medical schools.
Subject(s)
Attitude of Health Personnel , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Reproductive Health/education , Sex Education , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Germany , Health Care Surveys , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Students, Medical , Young AdultABSTRACT
The degree to which coping with stress in romantic relationships is related to relationship development was examined longitudinally in a sample of early adolescents (n=107). Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed a significant decrease in romantic stress over time, while at the same time active coping with romantic stress increased. Concurrently, the quality of romantic relationships changed towards greater intimacy and affection. The results provide some support for recent theories of a developmental sequence in romantic relationships, according to which relationships progress from a more casual initial stage towards a more committed affection phase. In addition, the study illustrates that the multiple functions romantic activity can serve at different stages of development are accompanied by various types of stressors.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Psychological , Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Interpersonal Relations , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Adolescent , Courtship , Female , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , MaleABSTRACT
In a longitudinal study over four years, the links between psychosocial factors of the social network and depressive symptomatology were analysed in 107 adolescents. Separate regression analysis for each gender revealed different factors contributing to female and male depression in late adolescence. While females' psychological well-being seems to depend on psychosocial characteristics of their social world, which may serve as protective factors, male depression is primarily determined by former depression, whereas social factors serve as stressors.
Subject(s)
Depression/psychology , Psychology, Adolescent , Social Adjustment , Social Support , Stress, Psychological/complications , Adolescent , Conflict, Psychological , Depression/diagnosis , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Germany , Humans , Interpersonal Relations , Life Change Events , Male , Parent-Child Relations , Prospective Studies , Regression Analysis , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Three methods for the medical therapy of sinusitis are described, inclusive of heat applications locally, inhalation therapy, and sinus aspirations. The advantages and limitations of such therapy are detailed, as based on both in vivo and model experiments.
Subject(s)
Sinusitis/therapy , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Hot Temperature/therapeutic use , Humans , Maxillary Sinus , Models, Biological , Respiratory Therapy , SuctionABSTRACT
Ventilation of sinus has among other factors a pathogenetic significance in origin and progress of sinusitis. We examined 50 patients with sinusitis and tested their nasal breathing by rhinomanometry to analyze in how far an infectious disease of the sinus is caused by nasal stenosis. The localisation of stenosis in the nasal lumen was considered in particular. The thesis diminished nasal breathing generally favors the beginning of sinusitis could not be verified. Evaluation of the results showed clearly the pathogenetic significance of posterior stenosis. Stenosis in the anterior nasal region does not predispose to sinusitis.
Subject(s)
Maxillary Sinus/physiopathology , Sinusitis/etiology , Humans , Nasal Cavity/physiology , Respiration , Sinusitis/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Anamnesis, clinical state according to inspection and Rhinomanometry result of 117 patients have been compared by means of a stardarized measuring unit. RM turns out to be indispensable for an exact functional analysis. Misjudgement of air conduction of the nose considering only anamnesis or clinical inspection is remarquable. The most frequent causes for misjudgement are listed. To estimate air conduction of the nose inspectionally a model based on physiological principles is indicated. A future uniform assessment of anamnesis clinical state and RM is indispensable to obtain finally comparable results.
