Subject(s)
Anthropology, Cultural , Child Development , Child Welfare , Play and Playthings , Social Behavior , Anthropology, Cultural/education , Anthropology, Cultural/history , Child , Child Development/physiology , Child Welfare/economics , Child Welfare/ethnology , Child Welfare/history , Child Welfare/legislation & jurisprudence , Child Welfare/psychology , Child, Preschool , Denmark/ethnology , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Leisure Activities/economics , Leisure Activities/psychology , Play and Playthings/psychology , Scandinavian and Nordic Countries/ethnology , Social Change/historyABSTRACT
Ninety-six pigs, half females and half castrated males from 12 litters, were housed in 24 groups of four litter mates. From an age of 115 days half of the groups were subjected to chronic stress for 33 days consisting of a schedule of unpredictable, inescapable electroshocks, and half served as controls. Behavior and performance were measured on all animals in the group, hormone data on one female in each group, and data on ulceration on the castrates. Behaviorally, the pigs did not habituate to 31 days of stress treatment. One to 2 days of stress treatment produced a behavioral activation that after 9 to 10 days was restricted to the time period of potential stress treatment. After 30 to 31 days it was replaced by passive behavior. In the beginning as well as after 30 to 31 days of intermittent stress, time spent sitting was increased. In addition, 6 days of intermittent stress reduced the baseline mean of plasma ACTH. After 33 days of stress the baseline mean of plasma ACTH was normalized, but the time course of diurnal secretion of ACTH was shifted. No effects of the chronic intermittent stress on basic levels of plasma cortisol, performance, or gastric ulceration were evident. In conclusion, the effect of intermittent stress depends on the number of days of intermittent stress treatment and it does not inevitably include changes in the basic levels of cortisol. Thus, assessment of stress must be based on a wide range of variables describing the process.
Subject(s)
Behavior, Animal/physiology , Growth/physiology , Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiology , Stomach Ulcer/psychology , Stress, Psychological/physiopathology , Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood , Animals , Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Electroshock , Female , Hydrocortisone/blood , Male , Orchiectomy , Ovariectomy , Sexual Maturation/physiology , Stomach Ulcer/etiology , Stress, Psychological/complications , Swine , Weight Gain/physiologyABSTRACT
The files of 186 primiparous women with the diagnosis of fetal-pelvic disproportion were studied in order to depict maternal and fetal parameters determining the course of delivery. Three groups were compared. One group of women who delivered vaginally and two groups, that delivered by caesarean section, one with a dilated orifice and one with a non-dilated orifice. The maternal age, height and pelvic capaciousness as found by clinical examination were registered together with cardiotocography, birth weight, labour augmentation, instrumental delivery, fetal presentation, gestation age and the conjugata vera (measured at caesarian section). It was found that the maternal age and the gestational age were lower in the vaginal delivery group compared to the two caesarean section groups. There was no difference between all three groups with respect to the other parameters. On this basis it was concluded, that it was not possible to identify fetal-pelvic disproportion that would result in caesarean section in primiparous women.
Subject(s)
Delivery, Obstetric , Fetus/anatomy & histology , Pelvimetry , Adult , Cesarean Section , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Parity , Pregnancy , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Previous studies of respiratory disease problems in pig herds have to a large extent relied on mortality data and slaughterhouse findings. The present report deals with simultaneously recorded clinical data and post mortem information for individual pigs from a large herd. Among other things, the results suggest that the commonly applied treatments of clinical cases have limited effect, that routine meat inspection is a fairly sensitive tool in monitoring the disease status, that productivity is affected relatively more by clinical episodes than by subclinical occurrence, and that respiratory disease and diarrhea are interrelated in more than one way.
