[Primary angle closure].

Glaucoma is the most common cause of irreversible blindness globally with a significant contribution from angle-closure glaucoma. Over the past 20 years, the terminology has been standardised with the term glaucoma being used exclusively for patients with signs of glaucomatous damage to the optic nerve. Prospective randomised clinical trials have changed treatment algorithms as summarised in this review. Prophylactic iridotomy is now only offered to selected at-risk patients, while removal of the lens with phacoemulsification is more often used as the primary treatment of patients with angle closure.

Increasing incidence of Acanthamoeba keratitis in a large tertiary ophthalmology department from year 1994 to 2018.

PURPOSE: Acanthamoeba (AA) keratitis is a rare and severe infection with poor prognosis. The aim was to investigate the incidence and risk factors of AA keratitis in a large tertiary ophthalmology department in Denmark. METHODS: A search was performed in our electronic patient records by the keywords: 'PHMB/polyhexanid', 'Brolene' or 'amoeba and chlorhexidine' from year 1994 to 2018, and afterwards medical records were reviewed. A total of 65 cases of AA keratitis were hereby identified. RESULTS: Patients were relatively young, median (range) age of 38 (15-70) years. A significant increase of diagnosing AA keratitis occurred from 0.13 cases per million per year in the first 5 years to 2.7 cases per million per year the last 5 years. Eighty-nine per cent of patients were contact lens users, and 49% had received corticosteroids before the diagnosis was established. Severe pain was present in 34% of patients. Prognosis was poor with final visual acuity of logMAR (mean, 95% CI) 0.30 (0.18-0.41), 18% had transplantation à chaud, and 2% were enucleated. CONCLUSION: The study indicates that the incidence of AA keratitis is increasing, also in Denmark. Most patients were young contact lens users. The course of the disease is long and often painful, and the prognosis is poor despite relevant treatment.

24-hour central aortic systolic pressure and 24-hour central pulse pressure are related to diabetic complications in type 1 diabetes - a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive measurements of 24 hour ambulatory central aortic systolic pressure (24 h-CASP) and central pulse pressure (24 h-CPP) are now feasible. We evaluate the relationship between 24 h central blood pressure and diabetes-related complications in patients with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: The study was cross-sectional, including 715 subjects: 86 controls (C), 69 patients with short diabetes duration (< 10 years), normoalbuminuria (< 30 mg/24 h) without receiving antihypertensive treatment (SN), 211 with longstanding diabetes (≥ 10 years) and normoalbuminuria (LN), 163 with microalbuminuria (30-299 mg/24 h) (Mi) and 186 with macroalbuminuria (> 300 mg/24 h) (Ma).24 h-CASP and 24 h-CPP was measured using a tonometric wrist-watch-like device (BPro, HealthStats, Singapore) and derived using N-point moving average. RESULTS: In C, SN, LN, Mi and Ma mean ± SD 24 h-CASP was: 114 ± 17, 115 ± 13, 121 ± 13, 119 ± 16 and 121 ± 13 mmHg (p < 0.001); and 24 h-CPP: 38 ± 8, 38 ± 7, 44 ± 10, 46 ± 11 and 46 ± 11 mmHg, (p < 0.001).Following rigorous adjustment (24 h mean arterial pressure and conventional risk factors), 24 h-CASP and 24 h-CPP increased with diabetes, albuminuria degree, previous cardiovascular disease (CVD), retinopathy and autonomic dysfunction (p ≤ 0.031).Odds ratios per 1 standard deviation increase in 24 h-CASP, 24 h-CPP and 24 h systolic blood pressure (24 h-SBP) were for CVD: 3.19 (1.68-6.05), 1.43 (1.01-2.02) and 2.39 (1.32-4.33), retinopathy: 4.41 (2.03-9.57), 1.77 (1.17-2.68) and 3.72 (1.85-7.47) and autonomic dysfunction: 3.25 (1.65-6.41), 1.64 (1.12-2.39) and 2.89 (1.54-5.42). CONCLUSIONS: 24 h-CASP and 24 h-CPP was higher in patients vs. controls and increased with diabetic complications independently of covariates. Furthermore, 24 h-CASP was stronger associated to complications than 24 h-SBP.The prognostic significance of 24 h-CASP and 24 h-CPP needs to be determined in follow-up studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT01171248.

Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetic patients in a four-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a marker of renal tubular damage, predicts progression in non-diabetic chronic kidney. We evaluated urinary (u)-NGAL as a predictor of progression in diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients. METHODS: As a substudy of a 4-year randomized, intervention study evaluating low-protein diet in T1D patients with diabetic nephropathy, 78 patients were studied with yearly measurements of u-NGAL (ELISA, BioPorto). OUTCOME: Decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ((51)Cr-EDTA), and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or death. RESULTS: Mean age 40.7 (8.2) years and 50 men. 13 patients developed ESRD or died. Baseline GFR (mean, SD): 68 (31) ml/min/1.73 m(2). Baseline u-NGAL [geometric mean (95% CI)] and GFR were 15.6 ng/24 h (11.8-20.7) and 68 (31) ml/min/1.73 m(2). During follow-up, an increase in u-NGAL [geometric mean (95% CI)] of 15%/year (4-27) and a decline in GFR of 3.7 (3.0) ml/min/year were observed. Baseline u-NGAL was not associated with the decline in GFR. Elevated u-NGAL at baseline (log-transformed) predicted death and ESRD (HR 3.8, 95% CI 1.04-14.0), however not after adjustment for known progression promoters (HR 2.0, p = 0.6). CONCLUSION: Elevated u-NGAL was not related to decline in GFR during a 4-year follow-up. Elevated u-NGAL was associated with the development of ESRD and death, but not after adjustment.

Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein predicts progression to nephropathy in type 1 diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVE: Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (u-LFABP) is a marker of tubulointerstitial inflammation and has been shown to be increased in patients with type 1 diabetes and is further increased in patients who progress to micro- and macroalbuminuria. Our aim was to evaluate u-LFABP as a predictor of progression to micro- and macroalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: From an inception cohort of 277 patients, u-LFABP, adjusted for urinary creatinine (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), was measured in 24-h urine samples from 165 normoalbuminuric patients 9.6 +/- 3.5 (mean +/-SD) years after onset of type 1 diabetes. The outcome measured was development of persistent micro- or macroalbuminuria or death. RESULTS: Patients were followed for a median of 18 (range 1-19) years; 39 progressed to microalbuminuria, 8 of those progressed further to macroalbuminuria, and 24 died. In a Cox regression model, baseline log u-LFABP levels predicted the development of microalbuminuria, adjusted for known risk factors (sex, age, A1C, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, albumin excretion rate, serum creatinine, and smoking) (hazard ratio [HR] 2.3 [95% CI 1.1-4.6]) and log u-LFABP predicted mortality (adjusted HR 3.0 [1.3-7.0]). u-LFABP (above versus below the median) predicted the development of macroalbuminuria (adjusted HR 2.6 [1.2-5.4]). As a continuous variable, u-LFABP tended to predict macroalbuminuria (HR 1.9, P = 0.2), but numbers were small. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of the tubular inflammation marker u-LFABP predict the initiation and progression to diabetic nephropathy and all-cause mortality, independent of urinary albumin excretion rate and other established risk factors.