Water Quality Analysis Using Physicochemical Parameters and Estimation of Pesticides in Water from Various Sources of Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Tirupati is one of the famous tourist places in India. So, safe drinking water is a priority. Therefore, to handle ground water contamination and to make aware the people in the area of Tirupati, in the present paper, research was conducted with the goal to estimate water quality by using physico-chemical parameters and to analyse pesticides with analytical technique Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) of ground water in and around Tirumala, Tirupati, located in Andhra Pradesh State of India. For this estimation, ground water samples were collected from different locations of Tirupati, i.e. Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam (SPMVV) (Women's University), Mallamgunta, LalBahudhur (LB) Nagar, Singalagunta, Sri Venkateshwara (SV) University, Perumallapalli, Settipalli, Akkarampalli (AK Palli), Srikrishna Nagar, Gandhipuram, Pathalaganga and Cherlopalli areas, and water quality parameters (alkalinity, pH, total hardness, chloride, calcium, potassium and silica) were tested. Based on the physico-chemical parameters obtained it can be concluded that the water was good. Tirumala Pathalaganga water was found be within the standard limits set by the World Health Organisation (WHO), so it is pure water without any contaminants. Reverse Osmosis (RO) water does not contain any contaminants; it is free from dissolved solids and ions so it is pure and clean water. Ground water sample that was collected from Tirupati area was less polluted than surface water sample, so it is pure when compared with tap water. Hence, drinking water pollution should be controlled by the proper environment management plan. Ground and surface water of this area should be treated to make it suitable for drinking and to maintain proper health conditions of people living in this area. All samples that were collected from groundwater from the fields of Settipalli area exceeded the standard limits set by the WHO and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), which suggests poor water quality. The present study reported the contamination status of diclorvos, methyl parathion, parathion and malathion in ground water of Tirupati in Settipalli, Andhra Pradesh, India. In agriculture, pesticides are frequently viewed as a quick, simple and low-cost option for controlling weeds and insect pests. The results obtained from the present study shall be useful in future management of the ground water in Tirupati area.

A cross-sectional and histological analysis to understand the cytological effects of cell phone radiation on buccal mucosa of children.

Context: The ongoing pandemic has affected all the spheres of life and one of the severely affected avenues is the education of a child. The online education has seen an upward curve since the start of COVID-19 pandemic. Schools globally have adopted online class tutorials as the main method to impart education and directly increasing the screen time for a child. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytological effects of prolonged mobile phone usage on the buccal mucosa of children. Settings and Design: Stratified sampling was used for the selection of subjects for the study. After a questionnaire regarding the usage of a mobile phone was distributed among the parents of children. Among them, 90 children were selected on the basis of pattern and frequency of mobile phone usage in the child. Materials and Methodology: The children were divided into three groups based on the per day hours of viewing of mobile phone, i.e., Group 1: Usage of 1-2 h a day, Group 2: Usage of 3-6 h a day, and Group 3: Usage of >6 h a day. The time frame taken into consideration was 1 year after the pandemic started. This was specifically to understand the impact of the online education. Swab was obtained by using the conventional ice-cream stick method from the buccal mucosa. Statistical Analysis: The samples were subjected to histological and microscopical analysis to observe for cytological changes. One-way ANOVA was used to determine the statistical significance if any. Results: The results obtained clearly showed that Group 3 (>6 h usage per day) showed the highest number of cellular and chromosomal aberrations which was significant. Conclusion: The results indicated that impact due to the prolonged screen time on the buccal mucosa is significant. A direct proportionality was seen between the apoptotic changes and chromosomal aberrations and the number of daily hour usage.

Repurposing antiviral drugs on recently emerged viral infections: A review article.

Finer understandings of drugs, for newly emerged diseases are becoming difficult nowadays. The contemporary approach is Drug Repurposing. Drug repurposing implies the exploration of surviving drugs for new restorative motive. Apart from conventional drug approaches, it is a profitable, brisk and reliable approach. The equivalent therapies for newly emerging and remerging viral infections are strenuous spot these days. The drug repurposing has helped in treating many viral reprofiling infectious diseases like CoVID-19, MERS, SARS, Influenza, Swine flu, Hanta, Zika, Ebola, Marburg, Human Adeno virus infection etc. The present review looks at describing the drug repurposing approach in various viral infections.

Phospholipid Fatty Acid Profile of Spirulina platensis.

Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis is used to measure the microbial biomass and the phospholipids present in the environmental samples. Microalgae spirulina is found to be a rich source of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) and has been used as a neutraceutical and regenerative medicine in the biotechnological industries as PUFAs are not synthesized in the human body due to the lack of enzymes for their bioconversion and must be supplied through the diet. Eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) are the two most important long-chain omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids involved in the human physiology, and their precursors stearic acid (ω-9), linoleic acid (ω-6), and gamma linolenic acid (ω-6) were found to be in higher concentrations in Spirulina platensis. GC or GC-MS is used to analyze the presence of PLFA in the sample. The PLFA analysis was carried to detect the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the Spirulina platensis which are the essential components in the diet of humans. The analysis involves overnight drying of the sample and followed by Bligh-Dyer lipid extraction. The obtained extract is dried and dissolved in chloroform and loaded onto a 96-well solid phase extraction plate. The eluted phospholipids are dried and transesterified. The resulting fatty acid methyl esters are analyzed by GC and quantified relative to an internal standard.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Substituted Thiophene Derivatives.

A novel series of pyrazolines were synthesized by cycloaddition of various chalcones (prepared by a Claisen-Schmidt condensation of 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethyl thiophene and various aromatic aldehydes) with the phenyl hydrazines in the presence of pyridine and subjected to molecular property prediction by Molinspiration, MolSoft, and Osiris software. The structures of new compounds were established by 1HNMR, IR, and mass spectral data. Most of the synthesized compounds (1A-E) were found to be in conformity with Lipinski's "rule of five" and other parameters, for their screening for antimicrobial and antifungal activity as oral active leads/drugs. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activities. Some of the final synthesized compounds have been exhibited promising antibacterial activity and antifungal activity.

Impurity Profiling and Identification of 2,6-Diisopropylphenol by HPLC Method and Raman Spectroscopy Method.

Identification of 2,6-diisopropylphenol by Raman spectroscopy using the TruScan Raman spectrum is validated by specificity test and robustness. HPLC assay method is developed to detect the 2,6-diisopropylphenol and its impurities A = determination of 2,6-diisopropylphenol; its main impurities related compound A = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl isopropyl ether, related compound B = 2,6-diisopropylquinone, and related compound C = 3,3'-5,5'-tetraisopropyl diphenol; and unknown impurities done by HPLC method. Related compound A and C determination has been developed by normal phase HPLC; good resolution peak shapes have resulted from the peak results. The limit of impurities A and C is reported to be 0.05% and 0.03%, and the limit of impurity B is also detected by using the same above procedure, but the column has been changed for the maximum wavelength detection and better elution from the peak results. The reported impurity level was 0.02%, the unknown impurity limit was 0.0149%, and the total impurity level of 2,6-diisopropylphenol was reported to be 0.06% which are in the threshold limit level. It specifies that the drug is safe and efficient without any toxicity.

Effect of dentifrice of varying fluoride concentration on surface microhardness of fluorosed enamel: an in vitro study.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of dentifrice with varying concentrations of fluoride on surface microhardness of fluorosed enamel as compared to a non-fluoridated dentifrice. STUDY DESIGN: In vitro, comparative type. METHOD: 60 enamel blocks with score-3 enamel fluorosis were randomly divided into three groups: Group I non-fluoridated dentifrice, Group II 1000-ppm fluoridated dentifrice and Group III 1400-ppm fluoridated dentifrice. After evaluating the baseline surface microhardness, samples from each group were brushed for 2 min, twice daily for a period of 21 days with 0.02 g of respective interventional agents as per protocol. Microhardness of the samples was re-evaluated at the end of 21 days. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t test, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: The surface microhardness within the group from the baseline to 21st day post intervention, showed a statistically significant increase in all three groups, hence indicating that all the three interventional agents used were effective against the fluorosed enamel surface. Intergroup comparison of the surface microhardness of fluorosed enamel from baseline to 21st day post intervention showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) amongst the groups with Group III proving most effective followed by Group I and Group II. CONCLUSION: 1400-ppm fluoridated dentifrice is more effective as compared to 1000-ppm fluoridated dentifrice and non-fluoridated dentifrice in increasing the surface microhardness of fluorosed enamel.