[THE CONSTITUTIONAL ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE WOMEN OF MATURE AGE].

A comprehensive anthropometric and bioelectrical study of 651 women of mature age (relative norm) aged 22 to 55 years living in the Moscow region, was conducted. The somatotyping was performed according to I.B. Galant-V.P. Chtetzov-B.A. Ni kitiuk scheme. The quantitative distribution of women according to their somatotypological characteristics was obtained, the anthropometric peculiarities and the specific features of body composition in women belonging to different somatotypes were determined. It was found that among the women of mature age studied, mesoplastic (26.9%) and stenoplastici (16.7%) somatotypes were dominant. The least frequently encountered were the representatives of asthenic (1.7%) and athletic (5.2%) somatic types. Women of different somatotypes vary significantly in height and weight and other anthropometric parameters.

[Features of organization of nutrition for young athletes].

Organization of nutrition for young athletes implied a regime, which includes the distribution of meals throughout the day, the multiplicity of power an nutrients that must be strictly consistent with the mode of the training process. Athletes' requirements in energy and nutrients vary considerably depending on the sport discipline and the amount of intense of physical activity. In the Institute of Nutrition of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences the recommended average daily sets of products, which are based on daily energy expenditure of young athletes, depending on the duration and intensity of physical activity in diverse kinds sports has been developed, these kits provide young athletes the necessary nutrients and micronutrients. In precompetitive period athletes must be given high physical activity and the diet should be mainly protein and fat-containing, with a high level of fiber. The training process should be intense for three days, then the athlete is advised to transfer to the carbohydrate-rich diet that is combined with a significant reduction in the intensity of trainings--glycogen super compensation. During competition period meal should be well digestible and low-volume. It must contain proteins of high biological values and carbohydrates in the required quantity. During this period the inclusion of new dishes and products in the menu for athletes is not desirable. During marathon the main aim is to recover the energy, water, mineral resources, and to maintain normal blood glucose concentrations. This is achieved in the following ways: carbohydrate intake with a relatively small amount of liquid, high product content of vitamins and minerals that helps to maintain the water-salt metabolism at the appropriate level, taking food in liquid form, in small portions. In the recovery period adequate nutrition should achieve the following objectives: to restore the acid-base and fluid and electrolyte balance, eliminate the effect of metabolic products (urea, lactic acid, ammonia, etc) associated with high physical activity; restore carbohydrate stores, provide plastic exchange, synthesis processes. The article also contains the basic sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the catering departments, selection of products and sports doctors.

[Anatomic, physiological and metabolic characteristics of young athletes].

A rational approach to the organization of the training process, the competitive cycle, the recovery processes in the practice of child and youth sport requires knowledge of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the organism in these age periods. Exchange of amino acids in children of 6 to 12 years takes place very actively providing processes of growth and development. The children of preschool and early school age have tendency to hypoglycemia due to the imperfection of neurohumoral regulation of the mobilization of glycogen in the liver and increased utilization of glucose. Glucose utilization corresponds to its level in adults, ranging from 8 to 14 years of age. In children under the age of 10 an increased tendency to the formation of ketone bodies and ketosis is determined. Cholesterol levels increase rapidly after birth. From the period of puberty, girls have higher levels of total cholesterol, cholesterol in low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL) than boys. At the age of 6-12 years basal metabolic rate decreases to 1.3-1.5 kcal/kg/h. The muscular system increasingly develops. Functional features of the central nervous system is the predominance of excitation. Sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system prevails in heart's activity. The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary system significantly increases in the structure of the endocrine glands. The sensitivity of many endocrine glands to the tropic hormone produced in the adenohypophysis increases. At the age of 8-12 years the role of epinephrine, norepinephrine and other biogenic amines especially increases. Period of puberty at the age of 13-17 years is associated with a significant change in the hormonal status of the organism. A pubertal growth spurt takes place, which occurs 1-2 years earlier in girls than in boys. As for the skeletal system the most pronounced growth of tubular bones of the limbs, spine and increase of bone density, muscle mass occurs. Heart rate decreases, while the duration of the expulsion phase of blood, cardiac output, respiratory functional parameters and red blood cells and hemoglobin concentrations increase. Endurance rises, physical activity is more economical than in childhood.

[The mineral composition of the carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks, vitamin-mineral complexes and dietary supplements for athletes].

In the article analyzes the macro- and trace element composition of sports drinks, vitamin-mineral complexes and biologically active additives (BAA). The estimation of the mineral collection of these products compared with the recommended standards. Established mineral composition many of the carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions, vitamin-mineral complexes and biologically active additives corresponds the physiology standards. However in some vitamin-mineral complexes and especially biologically active additives a number of minerals can be either unreasonably low or unreasonably high. Furthermore during labeling, mainly in the category D, a number of errors were revealed. Particularly there were lack of instructions about the number of declared ingredients, inaccuracies in the calculations of the daily requirement of mineral elements etc. Providing of an athlete organism with minerals should be carried out not only by carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions, vitamin-mineral complexes and specialized BAA, but mainly through basal ration. Utilising of carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions, vitamin-mineral complexes and biologically active additives can be justified only by the recommendations of experts. This is true not only in pro sports, but for the mass sports, as well as for individual physical training, in order to maintain physically fit.

[Status of nutrition and cell immunity in sportsmen-weightlifters].

The analysis of average daily nutrient intake, indexes of lipids metabolism parameters of cell immunity on 30 weightlifters and 14 individuals, who does not be engaged in sport, are carried out. Results of the present research show the imbalance in athletes diet with unfavourable ratio of proteins, fats, carbohydrates as 1:1,7:3--in women and 1:1,4:2,9--in men. Lipid storage disease include the rise of low-density lipoproteins level (in women-- 3,2 +/- 0,2; in men--3,4 +/- 0,2 (p < 0,05); in control group--2,2 +/- 0,3 mmol/l) and the fall--of high-density lipoproteins (in women--1,3 +/- 0,1; in men--0,9 +/- 0,1; p < 0,05); in control group--1,7 +/- 0,2 mmol/l). Result of disbalance in sportsmen immune system was statistically authentic decrease in an immunoregulatory index of CD4/CD8 (in women--0,89 +/- 0,08, in men--0,77 +/- 0,11; p < 0,05) at the expense of increase of the relative maintenance of cytotoxic CD3+CD8+ T-killers (in women--39,42 +/- 4,0; in men--41,28 +/- 3,28%; p < 0,05) and reduction of the T-helpers CD3+CD4+ content in peripheral blood (32,48 +/- 1,06 and 31,33 +/- 2,95%; p < 0,05) at 17% of women and 42% of male athletes owing to intense physical activities. This suggests that athletes engaging in longer periods of intensified training can exhibit an inefficiency of cell immunity. The cause of immune response decreasing can be metabolic disorders. The imbalance in athletes' diet leads to dislipoproteinemia, which play a pathogenetic role in cell immunosuppression.

[Medical-biological approach to development of feeding ration for sportswomen--members of Russia weight lifting team].

Physical status of 12 sportswomen - member of Russia weight lifting team during training period was analiysed. Anthropometric, bioimpedance methods with analyzer ABC-01 "Medass" in observation [body weight Index (index Ketle-2), waist circle/hip circle index] and body compositions were used (adipose, bone and muscle tissues masse). Data obtained when bioimpedance method was used indicated: normal body weight and relative adipose mass to body weight - in 92%, surplus - in 8% of cases; body weight Index and normal level of adipose mass - in 75%, surplus - in 25%; active cellular mass and bone mass and general body liquid were found to be normal. 14-day feeding ration for sportswomen were analysed and 3 times per day food intakes was found to be not optimal. Data obtained let to recommend set of daily food products to compose optimal ration for present sportswomen group when energetic value of 4500 kKal and high nutritional value would be provided.

[Immune dysfunction in highly skilled athletes and nutritional rehabilitation].

The present review examines the effects of strenuous and moderate exercise on various components of the immune system including humoral and cell immunity. Acute exercise have been found to affect lymphocyte subsets, immunoglobulin levels, the activity of mononuclear phagocytic system, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and cytokine levels, especially IL-1, IL-2, IL-6 and TNF. The extreme type of immune deficiency in sportsmen, in which there are not determine different isotypes of immunoglobulins, there are described as phenomenon of Ig disappearance. The immune suppression is associated with an increased risk of subclinical and clinical infection in athletes. The mechanisms immunodeficiency are multifactorial and include neuroendocrinologocal and metabolic disorders. The immunosuppression in sportsmen may be prevented by use of special diets. Although athletes need to eat a well-balanced basic diet, there are several nutritional factors that are difficult to obtain at a sufficient level from a normal diet since athletes require more nutrients than the recommended daily allowances. Thus, appropriate nutrition enrichment of special products and food supplements containing proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, probiotics is an essential prerequisite for effective improvement of athletic performance, recovery from fatigue after exercise and ward off immunodeficiency.

[The study of apoptosis of hepatocytes of rats for estimation safety and efficacy of application biologically active substances].

The magnitude of apoptosis of hepatocytes of rats that were within 2 weeks on a balanced complete semi-synthetic diet supplemented with extract of green tea, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), quercetin, coffein (1-4th experimental groups accordingly) is studied. The contents EGCG, quercetin and coffein in rats of 2-4th experimental groups correspond to their content in diet of rats 1 experimental group, and equally contents in tonic beverage. It is determined that application in diets extract of green tea and its compounds does not damage effect on hepatocytes of rats. The use of diets with the inclusion of extract of green tea, quercetin and coffein provides the clear tendency to stabilize the plasma membrane of hepatocytes comparison with rats of control group (rats fed the same diet but without the inclusion of the above-mentioned biologically active substances).

[Actual nutrition and physical state of athletes of the national sleigh team of Russia].

An assessment of actual nutrition and physical fitness of athletes of the Russian national sleigh team are presented, and the need to develop for them the individual well-balanced diet that will reimburse the amount of consumed energy and nutrients and help athletes to obtain high results.

[The role of nutritional factors in intensive physical activities of sportsmen].

The analysis on the role of major nutrients (proteins, fats and carbohydrates), micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) in a diet of sportsmen is adduced. Requirements for nutrients depend on the volume and intensity of physical exertion during training and competition, not only on the qualifications of sportsmen.

[Food status peculiarities, anthropometric, clinica and biochemical indices at professional sportsmen].

Under steady state conditions in 66 athletes involved in weightlifting, bodybuilding, judo and taekwondo have studied features of the metabolic status. Data on matter-of-fact nutrition, body weight content within the inter-competition period, energy exchange, clinical and biochemical indices and physical acceptability indices were analyzed. As a result, the decrease indexes of metabolism at all the sportsmen and high-level caloric value at sportsmen who are engaged in weightlifting, which corresponds their energy expenditures, was revealed.

[The role of the individual nutrition for high sport achievements].

It is established that individual menu, corresponded for personal nutritional need is a key factor for sport success of top athletes. A lot of questions and real approach for formation of the personal menu for top athletes are observed.

[Principles of optimal nutrition of sportsmen in various kinds of sport].

Basic principles of optimal nutrition of sportsmen in various kinds of sport are formulated. Their diet must be well-balanced in terms of all nutrients and contain essential vitamins and minerals. There is outlined an indispensable content of the basic nutrients in sportsmen's daily diet: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, as well as vitamins and minerals.

[Optimization of the sports nutrition: reality and perspectives].

The review about modern state of the Sports nutrition, as well as its discussional questions and developmental perspectives are observed.

[Classification and characterization of specialized foods for nutrition of sportsmen].

The classification and composition of specialized foods for sportsmen are presented. The perspective of application of contemporary biologically active substance to the development of new foods is discussed for nutrition sportsmen.

[Characteristic of nutrition for young sportsmen].

Contemporary domestic and international experience of forming a diet for young athletes involved in various kinds of sport was considered at the article.

[Vitamins in nutrition of sportsmen].

The data about vitamin consumption by athletes, their vitamin status assessed by means of determination of vitamin blood level and existed approaches to vitamin requirement establishment have been observed. Additional intake of vitamins is necessary for sportsmen who restricts ration energy, maintain definite body mass, and vegetarians. Effect of additional intake of vitamins on physical state and performance may become apparent if initial vitamin deficiency took place.

[Theoretical prerequisites for elaborating individual nutrition for sportsmen].

The article provides data on peculiarities of individual nutrition of sportsmen and on necessity of developing domestic specialized competitions foods, which can be used during competitions and extensive trainings, characterized by big physical activity and high emotional stress.

[Somatotype of the patients with obesity and associated cardio-vascular patholodgy. Clinical and anthropological bonds].

In the article there are presented major anthropometric parameters of patients (male and female) with obesity, combined with cardiovascular pathology, before and after treatment. Constitutional predisposition to obesity is defined. Efficacy of dietary therapy is estimated and with obesity are defined on the basil of associated cardio-vascular pathology.