[The influence of diet therapy and regular physical trainings on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion by monocytes among obese patients with coronary heart disease].

Chronic systemic inflammation is one of the leading pathogenetic pathways for the development of atherosclerosis in obese patients. In this regard, it seems promising to evaluate the effect of the diet and physical exertion on the proinflammatory activity of monocytes. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of the diet and regular physical trainings on the secretion of monocyte chemotactic factor 1 (MCP-1) by monocytes in obese patients with coronary artery disease. Material and methods. 27 obese participants (body mass index >30 kg/m2) with a confirmed diagnosis of coronary heart disease were recruited. All participants were prescribed with 12 weeks of a specialized diet with a restriction of simple carbohydrates and salt, a 500-kcal daily energy deficit, and with inclusion of cruciferous (200 g per day), seasonal dark berries (70 g per day) and green tea (200 ml per day). The regular assisted physical trainings were also administered. The body composition, blood biochemical parameters and MCP-1 secretion rates in the primary culture of monocytes isolated from blood samples via the immunomagnetic separation method were assessed before and after the intervention. Results. As a result, after the 12-weeks intervention the reliable body weight loss (-4.0%), waist circumference (-4.2%), visceral fat (-5.4%), total cholesterol (-9.8%), LDL-cholesterol (-16.6%) and triglycerides (-26.0%), an improvement in the results of the 6-minute walk test (+10.33%) was achieved, as well as an LPS-stimulated monocytes secretion of MCP-1 decreased by 2.8 times (p=0.005). Conclusion. Overall, the results suggest that diet and regular physical activity in patients with obesity and coronary heart disease may decrease the functional "proinflammatory" activity of monocytes.

[Discussion of the immunomorphological role of interactions between mast cells and Helicobacter pylori in the gastric mucosa].

Helicobacter pylori induced gastritis accounts for 70% of cases in the structure of this pathology. Features of the long-term inflammatory reaction of the mucous membrane are directly related to the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity, and features of immunogenesis within narrow limits of the specific tissue microenvironment of organ structures. Mast cells appear to be one of the key players (promoters) in the regulation of the inflammatory mediator cascade and the formation of cytokine-induced expression. Possessing a wide arsenal of biologically active substances, mast cells are able to participate in the formation of the immune response and resistance of the gastric mucosa, modulating both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. The antigen-presenting features of mast cells are of interest in terms of interaction with H. pylori and induction of mucosa bacterial colonization. The aim of study was to assess the mast cell tryptase profile of the gastric mucosa in the immunopathogenesis of H. pylori-associated inflammation. Material and methods. The study included 19 biopsies of the gastric mucosa with unknown status of H. pylori infection. Microslides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and Giemsa's dye for plain microscopy. H. pylori infection of the gastric mucosa was detected using the immunohistochemical method. Using double immunofluorescent labeling, localization of tryptase-positive mast cells and H. pylori strains was detected. Results. In patients infected with H. pylori (n=12), there was a significant increase in the number of tryptase-positive mast cells (177.99±30.55 vs 88.58±11.49; p<0.05) with activation of secretory pathways and release of protease into the extracellular matrix of the gastric mucosa. The quantitative parameters of mast cells in the group of patients with an undetected pathogen and signs of a chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa were statistically significantly lower than in the group of infected patients. Co-localization of tryptase-positive mast cells and H. pylori strains (with the formation of areas of large free-lying granule accumulation around the glands with pronounced degree of H. pylori contamination) was detected in gastrobiopsy specimens, the fact evidencing their close involvement in the development of inflammatory reactions of the gastric mucosa. Conclusion. The study demonstrated the features of mast cells and H. pylori interaction revealing previously unknown aspects of gastritis pathophysiology. The data obtained contribute a valuable insight to choose a treatment strategy for H. pylori-associated gastritis.

[On the new (2021) Norms of physiological requirements in energy and nutrients of various groups of the population of the Russian Federation].

The article presents the main provisions of the new "Norms of physiological requirements in energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation" developed and approved in accordance with the established procedure, accumulating the latest fundamental knowledge and world and domestic experience, that determine the values of physiological requirements in nutrients and energy sources, adequate levels of consumption of micronutrients and biologically active substances with an established physiological effect. In the Norms the conceptual apparatus has been expanded and updated, several terms and definitions to them (nutriome, intestinal microbiome, trans-isomers of fatty acids, critical nutrients, edible salt, glycemic index of food products, etc.) have been introduced. Changes have been made to the age periodization of the child and adult population of the Russian Federation, as well as adjustments in the differentiation of the population by the level of physical activity (4 groups for men and women). Taking into account these data, the recommendations on the proportion of macronutrients in the calorie content of the daily diet have been adjusted. The levels of physiological requirements in energy and nutrients have been clarified, depending on the physical activity of the population, including vitamins and mineral substances for both men and women, including period of pregnancy and lactation, as well as for children of different ages. For the first time, recommendations are included to reduce the intake of critical nutrients for health (dietary salt, added sugars, trans-isomeric fatty acids), based on data from modern meta-analyzes on the negative health effects of their excessive intake. Recommendations on the consumption of ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids by children and adults, including pregnant and lactating women, have been significantly expanded; adequate dietary intake of plant sterols have been introduced for the first time; while adequate dietary intake of certain phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, polymeric phenolic compounds and stilbenes) were specified. For the first time, the Norms include recommended levels of water (drinks) consumption to maintain the body's water balance under optimal environmental conditions for adult men and women at different levels of physical activity, for children, as well as pregnant and lactating women. For the first time in world practice, a complex of qualitative and quantitative indicators of the reference intestinal microbiome is presented, including modern taxonomic and functional characteristics that give an conception of microbiota phenotype in adults with a normal body mass index.

[Influence of the L-carnitine and resveratrol complex on physiological, biochemical and morphological indicators of normal and obese rats].

Specialized products and dietary supplements, enriched with complexes of minor biologically active substances (BAS), are often offered as components of therapeutic diets in the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome. At the same time, the possible effects of the interactions of BAS when consuming a multicomponent product have not been studied enough. The aim - to study the action on rats' organism of a complex supplement (RС), containing resveratrol (Res) and L-carnitine (L-Car), when consumed with a standard balanced or hypercaloric diet. Material and methods. Male Wistar rats received for 63 days a standard balanced diet (SD) or a high-fat-high-carbohydrate diet (HFCD) with an excess of total fat (30%) and fructose (20% solution instead of drinking water), or the same diets supplemented with RС in a low (25 mg/kg body weight as Res and 300 mg/kg body weight as L-Car) or high (50 and 600 mg/kg body weight, respectively) doses. The muscle grip strength, behavioral reactions in tests of the conditioned passive avoidance reflex (CPAR) and elevated plus maze (EPM) were studied. At the end of the experiment, the mass of adipose tissue and internal organs was determined together with the activity of microsomal and cytosolic liver enzymes for specific substrates, plasma biochemical parameters, liver morphology by lightoptical microscopy, accumulation of lipofuscin-like granules (LLG) in the liver and kidneys by laser confocal microscopy. Results. In the rats fed HFCD, compared with SD, there was an increase in the mass index of liver, total inguinal and retroperitoneal white adipose tissue, in the levels of glucose and triglycerides, in the activity of hepatic CYP1A1 and CYP3A monooxygenases, UDPglucuronosyltransferase, heme oxygenase, and simultaneous decrease of high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and quinone oxidoreductase activity. The RС intake stimulated the locomotor activity of rats in EPM, however, this effect was less pronounced against the background of HFCD consumption. In rats consuming SD (but not HFCD), the addition of RС caused an increase in search activity and anxiety according to the EPM and CPAR data. The effect on short- and long-term memory retention was statistically insignificant. RС intake did not have hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic properties but caused in low dose an increase in the ratio of the activity of transaminases AST/ALT in animals fed HFCD. The liver CYP3A activity increased in rats supplemented with RС in high dose fed HFCD. In the kidneys of animals, the consumption of RС resulted in increased accumulation of LLG. Conclusion. When studying the effect of the complex supplement RС on normal and obese rats according to the studied physiological, morphological and biochemical indexes, no positive effects were revealed, that would not have manifested themselves for Res and L-Car separate intake. No evidence of synergistic action of L-Car and Res were found, and some of the effects of the complex supplement can be considered as adverse. This requires careful assessment when combined using these substances in complex diet therapy of metabolic disorders in humans.

[Vitamin status of adult population of the Russian Federation: 1987-2017].

In a review in order to characterize the dynamics of vitamin status for the period from 1987 to the present, the results of 16 surveys (conducted in 2015-2017) of the sufficiency with vitamins C, A, E, B2 and B6 of adult men and women of working age (about 1200 people) living in different regions of the Russian Federation, were compared with the frequency of vitamin insufficiency among the population in the previous period. The statistically significant improvement in the population's supply with vitamin C in the previous decade continued in 2015-2017. The deficit of this vitamin practically ceased to occur. Reduced blood serum levels of vitamin A were rare (except for patients with tuberculosis, the indigenous inhabitants of an inaccessible village beyond the Arctic region, and pregnant women, especially in the third trimester). In comparison with the previous period, a fairly rare occurrence of vitamin E deficiency persisted. Vitamin B2 deficiency was still detected in a significant number of subjects (25-75th percentile was at the level of 30-50%) and was encountered approximately at the same frequency as in the previous period. The lack of B vitamins in the adult population was still much more common than the deficiency of vitamins A, E and C. The incidence of the combined deficiency of three or more vitamins (including, in addition to vitamins C, A, E, B2 and ß-carotene, vitamins D, В6, В12, folates) currently ranged from 5 to 39%. In this same range was the frequency of observation of persons sufficiently supplied with all studied vitamins. To improve the vitamin supply of the population, the urgent need for legislative consolidation and/or adoption of normative acts regulating compulsory enrichment of food products of mass consumption (bread and milk) with vitamins D and B group has arisen.