Assessing Correlations and Demographic Interactions Between PROMIS25 and SRS30 in Pediatric Patients With Spinal Deformity.

INTRODUCTION: Historically, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have been measured using anatomy-specific instruments. However, these instruments may be influenced by the presence of concomitant illnesses not associated with the orthopaedic condition. As such, standardized PROM tool, such as PROMIS25, have been developed to assess patient outcomes. In this study, we aim to compare the correlation and association between 2 common PROMs used for pediatric patients with spinal deformity. METHODS: This study included patients younger than 21 years who were indicated for spinal deformity surgery at our institution. All patients were invited to complete SRS-30 and PROMIS-25 instruments through an automated, electronic patient-reported outcome platform before surgery. Patient demographics were recorded and Spearman correlations were calculated between the various PROMIS and SRS domains. Correlations were compared between different baseline characteristics and demographics using a rho-to-z transformation method. Ceiling and floor effects were also investigated. RESULTS: A total of 207 patients were enrolled in this study. The majority of PROMIS and SRS domains had moderate to strong correlations, with higher correlations observed when each instrument tried to capture the same construct. For example, there was strong correlation between PROMIS raw pain and SRS pain (ρ=-0.86, P<0.01), and PROMIS Depression and SRS Mental Health (ρ=-0.76, P<0.01). Ceiling effects ranged from 1.0 to 16.9% in SRS and 0.5 to 28.5% is PROMIS. Floor effects ranged from 0.5 to 1.5% in SRS and 0.5 to 29.0% in PROMIS. There were significant differences in the correlation between SRS Mental Health and PROMIS Depression when comparing between different sexes (male: ρ=-0.74, female: ρ=-0.59, P=0.04). In addition, there were significant differences in the correlation between SRS Mental Health and PROMIS Anxiety when comparing between different insurance payors (commercial: ρ=-0.86, female: ρ=-0.75, P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: There is strong correlation between SRS and PROMIS domains in pediatric patients with spinal deformity. These correlations can differ by baseline characteristics and demographics. Providers should consider these differences when interpreting PROMs in diverse patient populations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III; Retrospective comparative study.

Socioeconomic differences in access to scoliosis care in the pediatric population.

PURPOSE: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common spinal deformity affecting pediatric patients, with up to 10% requiring surgical intervention. Studies have shown disparities in these patients associated with race, ethnicity, and insurance type, but there is limited information on disparities that exist based on geographical parameters. In this study, we aim to explore the disparities in the care for AIS by looking at differences in the rates of readmission, infection, and revision between patients residing in rural and urban environments. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study utilizing the Pediatric Health Information System. Pediatric patients that underwent posterior spinal fusion (PSF) for AIS from October 2015 to July 2022 were included. Diagnoses and procedures were identified based on ICD-10 codes and internal tools built into the database. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data, including demographics, infection rates, readmission rates, and revision rates. T tests, Chi-squared tests, and logistic regression were used to assess differences between the rural and urban populations. We utilized STATA/SE 15.1 for all data analysis. RESULTS: 15,318 patients were included in the final cohort. Demographics and baseline characteristics were similar between the rural and urban patients, although more rural patients used Medicaid over commercial insurance (41.5% vs. 32.7%, p < 0.01), median household income was lower in rural patients (p < 0.01), and there was a higher proportion of Hispanic patients in the urban patient cohort (13.9% vs. 6.4%, p < 0.01). Complication rates were not significantly different between the urban and rural patient cohorts, although rural patients did have a significantly higher 90-day readmission rate (7.3% vs. 6.1%, p = 0.03) and higher rates of instrumentation removal (7.7% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The surgical outcomes between rural and urban pediatric AIS patients undergoing PSF are comparable, although 90-day readmission rates and rates of instrumentation removal were higher in rural patients. Insurance status is likely a significant driver for the differences observed in this study. Future research is needed to better understand the reasons for these differences and to develop strategies to improve outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Retrospective cohort study, Level III.

Concomitant Medial Collateral Ligament Injury Increases the Risk of Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

PURPOSE: To compare rates of revisions between patients with isolated ACL reconstruction to those who had concomitant MCL injuries managed either operatively or non-operatively at time of index ACL reconstruction (ACLR). METHODS: The PearlDiver-Mariner Database was queried for all patients who underwent ACLR between 2016-2020 using laterality-specific International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Patients were included if they were ages 15 or higher and had a minimum of 2 years follow-up after index ACLR. Patients were then divided into cohorts by presence or absence of concomitant MCL injury. The cohort of concomitant MCL injuries was further subdivided into those with MCL injuries managed non-operatively, with MCL repair, or with MCL reconstruction at time of index ACLR. Multivariate regression was performed between cohorts to evaluate for factors associated with revision ACLR. RESULTS: We identified 47,306 patients with isolated ACL injuries and 10,846 with concomitant MCL and ACL injuries. 93% of patients with concomitant MCL injuries had their MCL treated non-operatively; however, the annual proportion of patients being surgically managed for their MCL injury increased by 70% from 2016-2020. Concomitant MCL injury patients had higher odds of undergoing revision ACLR compared to patients with isolated ACL injuries (OR:1.50, 95%CI: 1.36-1.66, p<0.001). Amongst patients with concomitant MCL injuries, surgically managed patients had higher risk of revision ACLR compared to non-operatively managed MCL injuries (OR:1.39, 95%CI:1.01-1.86, p=0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Despite an increase in operatively managed concomitant MCL injuries, the majority of concomitant MCL injuries are still managed non-operatively at time of ACLR. Patients with concomitant MCL injury, particularly those managed operatively, at the time of ACLR are at increased risk of requiring revision ACLR compared to those with isolated ACL injuries.

Automating Patient-reported Data Collection: Does it Work?

OBJECTIVE: There are several electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePROs) vendors that are being used at institutions to automate data collection. However, there is little known about their success in collecting patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and it is unknown which patients are more likely to complete these surveys. In this study, we assessed rates of PRO completion, as well as determined factors that contributed to the completion of baseline and follow-up surveys. METHODS: We queried our ePRO platform to assess rates of completion for baseline and follow-up surveys for patients from October 2019 to June 2022. All baseline surveys were administered before pediatric orthopaedic procedures, and follow-up surveys were sent at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery to patients with baseline data. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess differences in patients who did and did not complete surveys. RESULTS: This study included 1313 patients during the study period. Baseline surveys were completed by 66% of the cohort (n = 873 patients). There was a significant difference in race/ethnicity and language spoken in the patients who did and did not complete baseline surveys ( P < 0.01) with lower rates of completion in African American, Hispanic, and Spanish-speaking patients. At least one follow-up was obtained for 68% of patients with baseline surveys (n = 597 patients). There were significant differences in completion rates based on race/ethnicity ( P = 0.03) and language spoken ( P = 0.01). There were lower rates of baseline completion for patients with government insurance in our multivariate analysis (odds ratio: 0.6, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Baseline and follow-up PRO data can be obtained from the majority of patients using automated ePRO platforms. However, additional focus is needed on collecting data from traditionally underrepresented patient groups to better understand outcomes in these patient populations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-retrospective cohort study.

Retrospective cohort study analyzing outcomes of the SIGN Fin Nail in adult femoral fractures using the retrograde approach.

Purpose: There is high burden of long bone fractures in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Given a limited availability of fluoroscopy in LMICs, the Surgical Implant Generation Network (SIGN) developed two types of intramedullary nails: the SIGN standard nail and the SIGN Fin Nail. A limited number of studies have analyzed healing outcomes with the SIGN Fin Nail and the current study is the largest one to date. The purpose of this study is to compare outcomes between the SIGN standard nail and SIGN Fin Nails in adult femoral shaft fractures treated with a retrograde approach. Method: A retrospective cohort study of adults with femoral shaft fractures was performed using the Sign Online Surgical Database (SOSD). The primary outcome was achieving full painless weight bearing and the secondary outcomes assessed were radiographic healing and infection. A propensity-score adjustment was performed for potential confounders and effect modification due to fracture location was tested using a Mantel-Haenszel test for heterogeneity. Results: Of 19,928 adults with femoral shaft fractures, 2,912 (14.7%) had the required 6-month follow-up to be included. The overall propensity score weighted relative risk between the Fin and Standard Nail for achieving painless weight-bearing was 0.99, 95% CI [0.96-1.03] and for radiographical healing was 0.99, 95%CI [0.97-1.02]. The propensity score weighted relative risk for infection was 1.30, 95% [0.85-1.97]. Use of the Fin nail was also significantly associated with shorter surgery times (p < 0.005, effect size = 24 min). Sub-group analysis based on fracture location and injury cause demonstrated no change in relative risk. Conclusion: The Fin nail showed no change in relative risk in terms of achieving full painless weightbearing or radiographic healing compared to the standard nail for retrograde nailing of femoral shaft fractures in adults. The heterogeneous nature of the cohort and large sample size allow for generalizability and add to a growing base of literature supporting use of the Fin Nail for retrograde femoral nailing. However, there are limitations as we could not correct for comminution at the fracture site or measure radiographic alignment or shortening.

Delayed hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome does not increase revision but does increase rates of chronic opiate use.

Introduction: In recent years, the utilization of hip arthroscopy to treat femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) has increased due to its low complication rates, positive impact on patient-reported outcomes (PROs), and association with faster rehabilitation. Despite this, there are high rates of revision and conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA) in some of these patients. It is unclear whether time from initial FAIS diagnosis to surgery is a risk factor for poor outcomes. In this study, we examined the relationship between timing of hip arthroscopy for FAIS and rates of 2-year revision hip procedures, 2-year conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA), post-operative medical complications, and opioid prescriptions. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study utilizing the PearlDiver database. Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes were used to identify patients who had surgery for FAIS with minimum 2 years follow-up available. Patients were stratified by 3-month intervals into 5 groups based on time from diagnosis of FAIS to hip arthroscopy. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine factors independently associated with continued opiate use and subsequent surgeries. Results: A total of 14,677 patients were included in the study. The 2-year rate of revision hip arthroscopy was 4.2%. As time from diagnosis to surgery increased, even in multivariate regression analysis, there was a higher risk of filling an opioid prescription 90 days after surgery (P < 0.001). Regression analysis demonstrated that timing of surgery was not associated with 2-year revision hip arthroscopy or conversion to THA. Age, sex, obesity, and tobacco use were significant predictors of revision hip arthroscopy and conversion to THA (p < 0.001). Conclusion: There is no significant difference between timing of surgery for FAIS and odds of revision or conversion to THA. Prolonged opiate use after hip arthroscopy was significantly higher as duration from initial FAIS diagnosis to surgery increased. Age, sex, obesity, and tobacco use are significant predictors for revision, conversion to THA, and continued opiate prescriptions.

Racial Disparities in Treatment and Outcomes of Patients With Hepatitis C Undergoing Elective Total Joint Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: African Americans have the highest prevalence of chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Racial disparities in outcome are observed after elective total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). This study sought to identify if disparities in treatments and outcomes exist between Black and White patients who have HCV prior to elective THA and TKA. METHODS: Patient demographics, comorbidities, HCV characteristics, perioperative variables, in-hospital outcomes, and postoperative complications at 1-year follow-up were collected and compared between the 2 races. Patients who have preoperative positive viral load (PVL) and undetectable viral load were identified. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare categorical variables, while 2-tailed Student's Kruskal-Wallis t-tests were used for continuous variables. A P value of less than .05 was statistically significant. RESULTS: The liver function parameters, including aspartate aminotransferase and model for end-stage liver disease scores, were all higher preoperatively in Black patients undergoing THA (P = .01; P < .001) and TKA (P = .03; P = .003), respectively. Black patients were more likely to undergo THA (65.8% versus 35.6%; P = .002) and TKA (72.1% versus 37.3%; 0.009) without receiving prior treatment for HCV. Consequently, Black patients had higher rates of preoperative PVL compared to White patients in both THA (66% versus 38%, P = .006) and TKA (72% versus 37%, P < .001) groups. Black patients had a longer length of stay for both THA (3.7 versus 3.3; P = .008) and TKA (4.1 versus 3.0; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: The HCV treatment prior to THA and TKA with undetectable viral load has been shown to be a key factor in mitigating postoperative complications, including joint infection. We noted that Black patients were more likely to undergo joint arthroplasty who did not receive treatment and with a PVL. While PVL rates decreased over time for both races, a significant gap persists for Black patients.

Diagnostic Performance of a telephone questionnaire for fracture-related infections (FRIs) in open tibia fracture patients in Tanzania.

INTRODUCTION: Fracture-related infections (FRIs) are a major cause of trauma-associated morbidity worldwide. In 2018, an expert group supported by the AO Foundation, European Bone and Joint Infection Society developed a consensus definition of FRI. Still, there is limited knowledge on the applicability of this definition in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Given the unique barriers that cause low follow-up rates for orthopaedic trauma patients in LMICs, this study aims to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a telephone questionnaire in identifying patients with FRIs after open tibia fracture fixation in Tanzania. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients from a randomized controlled trial investigating the infection prevention benefit of locally applied gentamycin for open tibial fractures were included. Patients completed FRI based telephone questionnaires 7-10 days prior to scheduled follow-ups at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 1 year. The questionnaire included two "confirmatory" criteria questions for FRI (i.e., open wound and purulent drainage) and three "suggestive" criteria questions (i.e., wound drainage, fever, and warmth). Contingency tests were performed to identify the sensitivity and specificity between answers and adjudicated FRI diagnoses at the corresponding in-person follow-up. Data was analysed using STATA version 15.0 and MedCalc's online diagnostic test calculator. RESULTS: There were a total of 234 complete questionnaires and 85 unique patients included. The sensitivity and specificity of having any positive answer in the questionnaire was highest at 6 months (100 % and 92.5 %, respectively). For all time-points pooled, sensitivity was 71.4 % and specificity was 93.0 %. Drainage had the highest sensitivity (71.4 %) while fever had the highest specificity (99.6 %). For confirmatory criteria, sensitivity was 14.3 % and specificity was 96.0 %. Contrastingly, the sensitivity for suggestive criteria was higher (71.4 %), with a similar specificity (93.8 %). CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that telephone questionnaires have adequate diagnostic performance when assessing FRIs. The presence of drainage identified the majority of patients with FRI, and specificities were high across confirmatory and suggestive criteria. Our study is one of the first to evaluate telephone questionnaires as a diagnostic tool for FRIs in patients with open tibia fractures in a LMIC hospital and validates the FRI consensus definition criteria.

Association of an Emergency Critical Care Program With Survival and Early Downgrade Among Critically Ill Medical Patients in the Emergency Department.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether implementation of an Emergency Critical Care Program (ECCP) is associated with improved survival and early downgrade of critically ill medical patients in the emergency department (ED). DESIGN: Single-center, retrospective cohort study using ED-visit data between 2015 and 2019. SETTING: Tertiary academic medical center. PATIENTS: Adult medical patients presenting to the ED with a critical care admission order within 12 hours of arrival. INTERVENTIONS: Dedicated bedside critical care for medical ICU patients by an ED-based intensivist following initial resuscitation by the ED team. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Primary outcomes were inhospital mortality and the proportion of patients downgraded to non-ICU status while in the ED within 6 hours of the critical care admission order (ED downgrade <6 hr). A difference-in-differences (DiD) analysis compared the change in outcomes for patients arriving during ECCP hours (2 pm to midnight, weekdays) between the preintervention period (2015-2017) and the intervention period (2017-2019) to the change in outcomes for patients arriving during non-ECCP hours (all other hours). Adjustment for severity of illness was performed using the emergency critical care Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (eccSOFA) score. The primary cohort included 2,250 patients. The DiDs for the eccSOFA-adjusted inhospital mortality decreased by 6.0% (95% CI, -11.9 to -0.1) with largest difference in the intermediate illness severity group (DiD, -12.2%; 95% CI, -23.1 to -1.3). The increase in ED downgrade less than 6 hours was not statistically significant (DiD, 4.8%; 95% CI, -0.7 to 10.3%) except in the intermediate group (DiD, 8.8%; 95% CI, 0.2-17.4). CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of a novel ECCP was associated with a significant decrease in inhospital mortality among critically ill medical ED patients, with the greatest decrease observed in patients with intermediate severity of illness. Early ED downgrades also increased, but the difference was statistically significant only in the intermediate illness severity group.

Child-Pugh Class B or C Liver Disease Increases the Risk of Early Mortality in Patients With Hepatitis C Undergoing Elective Total Joint Arthroplasty Regardless of Treatment Status.

BACKGROUND: Patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) undergoing primary elective total joint arthroplasty (TJA) are at increased risk of postoperative complications. Patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, specifically Child-Pugh Class B and C, who are undergoing general surgery have high 2-year mortality risks, approaching 60% to 80%. However, the role of Child-Pugh and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease classifications of liver status in predicting survivorship among patients with HCV undergoing elective arthroplasty has not been elucidated. QUESTION/PURPOSE: What factors are independently associated with early mortality (< 2 years) in patients with HCV undergoing arthroplasty? METHODS: We performed a retrospective study at three tertiary academic medical centers and identified patients with HCV undergoing primary elective TJA between January 2005 and December 2019. Patients who underwent revision TJA and simultaneous primary TJA were excluded. A total of 226 patients were eligible for inclusion in the study. A further 25% (57) were excluded because they were lost to follow-up before the minimum study requirement of 2 years of follow-up or had incomplete datasets. After the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, the final cohort consisted of 75% (169 of 226) of the initial patient population eligible for analysis. The mean follow-up duration was 53 ± 29 months. We compared confounding variables for mortality between patients with early mortality (16 patients) and surviving patients (153 patients), including comorbidities, HCV and liver characteristics, HCV treatment, and postoperative medical and surgical complications. Patients with early postoperative mortality were more likely to have an associated advanced Child-Pugh classification and comorbidities including peripheral vascular disease, end-stage renal disease, heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, both groups had similar 90-day and 1-year medical complication risks including myocardial infarction, stroke, pulmonary embolism, and reoperations for periprosthetic joint infection and mechanical failure. A multivariable regression analysis was performed to identify independent factors associated with early mortality, incorporating all significant variables with p < 0.05 present in the univariate analysis. RESULTS: After accounting for significant variables in the univariate analysis such as peripheral vascular disease, end-stage renal disease, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and liver fibrosis staging, Child-Pugh Class B or C classification was found to be the sole factor independently associated with increased odds of early (within 2 years) mortality in patients with HCV undergoing elective TJA (adjusted odds ratio 29 [95% confidence interval 5 to 174]; p < 0.001). The risk of early mortality in patients with Child-Pugh Class B or C was 64% (seven of 11) compared with 6% (nine of 158) in patients with Child-Pugh Class A (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients with HCV and a Child-Pugh Class B or C at the time of elective TJA had substantially increased odds of death, regardless of liver function, cirrhosis, age, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease level, HCV treatment, and viral load status. This is similar to the risk of early mortality observed in patients with chronic liver disease undergoing abdominal and cardiac surgery. Surgeons should avoid these major elective procedures in patients with Child-Pugh Class B or C whenever possible. For patients who feel their arthritic symptoms and pain are unbearable, surgeons need to be clear that the risk of death is considerably elevated. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, therapeutic study.

Total Joint Arthroplasty Should Not Be Delayed in Hepatitis C Patients After Successful Treatment Achieving a Sustained Viral Load.

Background: Preoperative treatment recommendations and optimal time to perform total joint arthroplasty (TJA) in patients with hepatitis C virus after treatment completion for achieving best outcomes have not been elucidated. We aim to determine (1) if undetectable viral load (UVL) prior to TJA leads to decreased postoperative complication rates, specifically periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), and (2) if delaying TJA after treatment completion has benefit in decreasing PJI. Methods: A retrospective review of all hepatitis C virus patients undergoing TJA at 3 academic tertiary care centers was conducted. A total of 270 TJAs performed from 2005 to 2019 were included, 125 with positive viral load at the time of surgery. The duration from completion of treatment regimen to TJA was recorded for the UVL cohort. The primary study outcome was PJI at 1-year follow-up. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital complications, mechanical revision TJA rates, and optimal time to TJA upon completion of treatment. Results: Patients with positive viral load at the time of TJA had longer length of stay (3.9 vs 2.9 days, P < .0001) and a higher PJI rate at 1 year postoperatively (9% vs 2%, P = .02) than UVL patients. There was no difference of in-hospital complications or revision rates for mechanical etiologies. Delaying TJA after achieving a sustained virologic response did not impact PJI rates. Conclusions: Sustained UVL prior to TJA is critical to minimize PJI irrespective of the treatment regimen utilized. Surgery can be performed with lower complication rates any time after achieving sustained virologic response. Level of Evidence: Level III, prognostic retrospective cohort study.

Issues With Big Data: Variability in Reported Demographics and Complications Associated With Posterior Spinal Fusion in Pediatric Patients.

BACKGROUND: Clinical and administrative registries provide large volumes of data that can be used for clinical research. However, there are several limitations relating to the quality, consistency, and generalizability of big data. In this study, we aim to compare reported demographics and certain outcomes in patients undergoing posterior spinal fusion (PSF) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), neuromuscular scoliosis (NS), and Scheuermann kyphosis (SK) between 3 commonly utilized databases in pediatric orthopaedic research. METHODS: We used International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9), International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10), and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes to identify patients in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP), Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), and Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) between the ages of 10 to 18 that underwent PSF for AIS, SK, and NS from 2012 to 2015. We compared various demographic factors, such as sex, race/ethnicity, age, and rates of postsurgical infection and 30-day readmissions. Data was analyzed with descriptive and univariate statistics. RESULTS: We identified 9891 patients that underwent PSF in NSQIP, 10,771 patients in PHIS, and 4335 patients in HCUP over the study period. There were significant differences in patient demographics, readmission rates, and infection rates between all patients that underwent PSF across the databases (P<0.01), as well as specifically in patients with AIS (P<0.01). HCUP had the highest proportion of Hispanic patients that underwent PSF (13.5%), as well as patients who had AIS (13.3%) or NS (17.9%). The PHIS database had the highest proportion of patients undergoing PSF for SK. Among patients with NS, there were significant differences in race across the databases (P<0.01), but no significant differences in sex, ethnicity, or readmission (P>0.05). In addition, there were significant differences in race (P=0.04) and readmission (P=0.01) across databases for patients with SK, but no differences in sex or ethnicity (P>0.05). NSQIP reported the highest rate of 30-day readmissions for patients undergoing PSF (17.9%) compared with other databases (HCUP 4.1%, PHIS 12.1%). CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences in patient demographics, sample sizes, and rates of complications for pediatric patients undergoing PSF across 3 commonly utilized US administrative databases. Given the variability in reported outcomes and demographics, generalizability is difficult to extrapolate from these large data sources. In addition, certain databases should be selected to appropriately power studies focusing on particular patient populations or outcomes.

A cadaveric model for transesophageal echocardiography transducer placement training: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is used in the emergency department to guide resuscitation during cardiac arrest. Insertion of a TEE transducer requires manual skill and experience, yet in some residency programs cardiac arrest is uncommon, so some physicians may lack the means to acquire the manual skills to perform TEE in clinical practice. For other infrequently performed procedural skills, simulation models are used. However, there is currently no model that adequately simulates TEE transducer insertion. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of using a cadaveric model to teach TEE transducer placement among novice users. METHODS: A convenience sample of emergency medicine residents was enrolled during a procedure education session using cadavers as tissue models. A pre-session assessment was used to determine prior knowledge and confidence regarding TEE manipulation. Participants subsequently attended a didactic and hands-on education session on TEE placement. All participants practised placing the TEE transducer until they were able to pass a standardized assessment of technical skill (SATS). After the educational session, participants completed a post-session assessment. RESULTS: Twenty-five residents participated in the training session. Mean assessment of knowledge improved from 6.2/10 to 8.7/10 (95% confidence interval [CI] of knowledge difference 1.6-3.2, P<0.001) and confidence improved from 1.6/5 to 3.1/5 (95% CI of confidence difference 1.1-2.0, P<0.001). There was no relationship between training level and the delta in knowledge or confidence. CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, the use of a cadaveric model to teach TEE transducer placement methods among novice users is feasible and improves both TEE manipulation knowledge and confidence levels.

Comparison of prehospital professional accuracy, speed, and interrater reliability of six pediatric triage algorithms.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated prehospital professionals' accuracy, speed, interrater reliability, and impression in a pediatric disaster scenario both without a tool ("No Algorithm"-NA) and with 1 of 5 algorithms: CareFlight (CF), Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) and JumpSTART (J-START), Pediatric Triage Tape (PTT), Sort, Assess, Life-saving interventions, Treatment/Transport (SALT), and Sacco Triage Method (STM). METHODS: Prehospital professionals received disaster lectures, focusing on 1 triage algorithm. Then they completed a timed tabletop disaster exercise with 25 pediatric victims to measure speed. A predetermined criterion standard was used to assess accuracy of answers. Answers were compared to one another to determine the interrater reliability. RESULTS: One hundred and seven prehospital professionals participated, with 15-28 prehospital professionals in each group. The accuracy was highest for STM (89.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 85.7% to 92.2%) and lowest for PTT (67.8%; 95% CI 63.4% to 72.1%). Accuracy of NA and SALT tended toward undertriage (15.8% and 16.3%, respectively). The remaining algorithms tended to overtriage, with PTT having the highest overtriage percentage (25.8%). The 3 fastest algorithms were: CF, SALT, and NA, all taking 5 minutes or less. STM was the slowest. STM demonstrated the highest interrater reliability, whereas CF and SALT demonstrated the lowest interrater reliability. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the most common challenges inherent to mass casualty incident (MCI) triage systems: as accuracy and prehospital professional interrater reliability improve, speed slows. No triage algorithm in our study excelled in all these measures. Additional investigation of these algorithms in larger MCI drills requiring collection of vital signs in real time or during a real MCI event is needed.

The Efficacy of a Brief Educational Training Session in Point-of-Care Pediatric Hip Ultrasound.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric limp is a common presenting complaint to emergency departments. Despite this, diagnosis can be difficult in young patients with no history of trauma. Ultrasound can be used to identify a hip effusion, which may be the etiology of limp in pediatric patients. Brief educational training sessions have successfully been used to introduce novice ultrasound users to point-of-care (POC) ultrasound; however, the education of POC hip ultrasound is underexplored, and the efficacy of educational training sessions in this domain remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of using a brief educational training session to teach novice ultrasound users to identify hip anatomy and effusions. METHODS: Medical and physician assistant students were enrolled during an ultrasound education conference. A pretest evaluated prior knowledge, experience, and confidence level regarding POC hip ultrasound. Students attended a brief didactic session and then completed an objective structured assessment of technical skill as well as a posttest. RESULTS: Twenty-eight students naive to hip ultrasound participated in this study. Levels of training included medical and physician assistant students. Mean test scores increased from the pretest (4.8 of 9, SD = 1.6) to the posttest (7.9 of 9, SD = 0.72) (P < 0.001). Average objective structured assessment of technical skill was 4.6 of 5 (SD, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 4.3-4.9). After the sessions, confidence levels in identifying landmarks, joint space, and a joint effusion significantly increased (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric hip ultrasound knowledge, performance, skills, and confidence improved as demonstrated by novice ultrasound users after a brief educational training session. Our study shows that a brief, targeted educational intervention was a feasible and effective method of introducing pediatric POC hip ultrasound to novices.

Prehospital Identification of Large Vessel Occlusions Using Modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale: A Pilot Study.

Stroke identification is a key step in acute ischemic stroke management. Our objectives were to prospectively examine the agreement between prehospital and hospital Modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (mNIHSS) assessments as well as assess the prehospital performance characteristics of the mNIHSS for identification of large vessel occlusion strokes. Method: In this prospective cohort study conducted over a 20-month period (11/2016-6/2018), we trained 40 prehospital providers (paramedics) in Emergency Neurological Life Support (ENLS) curriculum and in mNIHSS. English-speaking patients aged 18 and above transported for an acute neurological deficit were included. Using unique identifiers, we linked the prehospital assessment records to the hospital record. We calculated the agreement between prehospital and hospital mNIHSS scores using the Bland-Altman analysis and the sensitivity and specificity of the prehospital mNIHSS. Results: Of the 31 patients, the mean difference (prehospital mNIHSS-hospital mNIHSS) was 2.4, 95% limits of agreement (-5.2 to 10.0); 10 patients (32%) met our a priori imaging definition of large vessel occlusion and the sensitivity of mNIHSS ≥ 8 was 6/10 or 0.60 (95% CI: 0.26-0.88) and the specificity was 13/21 or 0.62 (95% CI: 0.38-0.82), respectively. Conclusions: We were able to train prehospital providers to use the prehospital mNIHSS. Prehospital and hospital mNIHSS had a reasonable level of agreement and and the scale was able to predict large vessel occlusions with moderate sensitivity.

eccSOFA: SOFA illness severity score adapted to predict in-hospital mortality in emergency critical care patients.

BACKGROUND: Boarding of ICU patients in the ED is increasing. Illness severity scores may help emergency physicians stratify risk to guide earlier transfer to the ICU and assess pre-ICU interventions by adjusting for baseline mortality risk. Most existing illness severity scores are based on data that is not available at the time of the hospital admission decision or cannot be extracted from the electronic health record (EHR). We adapted the SOFA score to create a new illness severity score (eccSOFA) that can be calculated at the time of ICU admission order entry in the ED using EHR data. We evaluated this score in a cohort of emergency critical care (ECC) patients at a single academic center over a period of 3 years. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study using EHR data to assess predictive accuracy of eccSOFA for estimating in-hospital mortality risk. The patient population included all adult patients who had a critical care admission order entered while in the ED of an academic medical center between 10/24/2013 and 9/30/2016. eccSOFA's discriminatory ability for in-hospital mortality was assessed using ROC curves. RESULTS: Of the 3912 patients whose in-hospital mortality risk was estimated, 2260 (57.8%) were in the low-risk group (scores 0-3), 1203 (30.8%) in the intermediate-risk group (scores 4-7), and 449 (11.5%) in the high-risk group (scores 8+). In-hospital mortality for the low-, intermediate, and high-risk groups was 4.2% (95%CI: 3.4-5.1), 15.5% (95% CI 13.5-17.6), and 37.9% (95% CI 33.4-42.3) respectively. The AUROC was 0.78 (95%CI: 0.75-0.80) for the integer score and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.72-0.77) for the categorical eccSOFA. CONCLUSIONS: As a predictor of in-hospital mortality, eccSOFA can be calculated based on variables that are commonly available at the time of critical care admission order entry in the ED and has discriminatory ability that is comparable to other commonly used illness severity scores. Future studies should assess the calibration of our absolute risk predictions.

Effect of emergency critical care nurses and emergency department boarding time on in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients.

STUDY HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that establishing a program of specialized emergency critical care (ECC) nurses in the ED would improve mortality of ICU patients boarding in the ED. METHODS: This was a retrospective before-after cohort study using electronic health record data at an academic medical center. We compared in-hospital mortality between the pre- and post-intervention periods and between non-prolonged (≤6 h) boarding time and prolonged (>6 h) boarding time. In-hospital mortality was stratified by illness severity (eccSOFA category) and adjusted using logistic regression. RESULTS: Severity-adjusted in-hospital mortality decreased from 12.8% pre-intervention to 12.3% post-intervention (-0.5% (95% CI, -3.1% to 2.1%), which was not statistically significant. This was despite a concurrent increase in ED and hospital crowding. The proportion of ECC patients downgraded to a lower level of care while still in the ED increased from 6.4% in the pre-intervention period to 17.0% in the post-intervention period. (+10.6%, 8.2% to 13.0%, p < 0.001). Severity-adjusted mortality was 12.8% in the non-prolonged group vs. 11.3% in the prolonged group (p = 0.331). CONCLUSIONS: During the post-intervention period, there was a significant increase in illness severity, hospital congestion, ED boarding time, and downgrades in the ED, but no significant change in mortality. These findings suggest that ECC nurses may improve the safety of boarding ICU patients in the ED. Longer ED boarding times were not associated with higher mortality in either the pre- or post-intervention periods.

Sex-Related Differences in Neurosensory Alterations Following Blunt Head Injury.

Background: There is heterogeneity in neurosensory alterations following mild traumatic brain injury. Commonly assessed neurosensory symptoms following head injury include symptom reports and measures of oculomotor impairment, auditory changes, and vestibular impairment. Hypothesis/Purpose: Neurosensory alterations are prevalent acutely following mild traumatic brain injury secondary to blunt head trauma during collegiate varsity sports and may vary by sex and sport. Study Design: Retrospective study of a large collegiate athletic database. Methods: Analyses were performed using an established single University dataset of 177 male and female collegiate varsity athletes who were diagnosed with concussion/mild traumatic brain injury between September 2013 and October 2019. Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed on individual and grouped acute concussion assessments pertaining to neurosensory alterations obtained within 72 h of injury using components of the Sports Concussion Assessment Tool Version 5 and Vestibular/Ocular-Motor Screening. Results: Females had significantly more abnormal smooth pursuit (p-value: 0.045), convergence (p-value: 0.031), and visual motion sensitivity tests results (p-value: 0.023) than males. There were no differences in neurosensory alterations when grouped by overall auditory, vestibular, or oculomotor impairments. The majority of sports-related concussions occurred during football (50, 28.25%), wrestling (21, 11.86%), water polo (15, 8.47%), and basketball (14, 7.91%). Abnormal vestibular assessments were high in these top four sports categories, but statistically significant differences in overall auditory, vestibular, or oculomotor impairments were not reached by individual sport. However, water polo players had higher abnormal individual assessments related to balance reports on the sideline (60.00%, p-value: 0.045) and in the clinic setting (57.14%, p-value: 0.038) as compared to all other sports. Conclusion: While neurosensory alterations are prevalent in both male and female athletes acutely post-concussion, females have a higher incidence of abnormalities in smooth pursuit, convergence, and visual motion sensitivity and may benefit from early rehabilitation.

Multi-Community Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Education by Medical Students.

Introduction One purpose of the hands-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (HOCPR) program is to simplify CPR instruction to encourage more bystanders to take action during cardiac arrest. Although the program has been successfully implemented in traditional classroom settings, the utility of large-scale training events has not been well-explored. We hypothesized that CPR knowledge and comfort levels would increase through a large-scale, multi-community HOCPR training event. We also explored what effect this training event had on perceived barriers to bystander-performed CPR. Methods A convenience sample participated in HOCPR training on a single day across 10 Texas cities. A sub-sample completed training questionnaires, including a five-item CPR pre- and post-test. A follow-up questionnaire was conducted two years after the event. The primary outcome of interest was the difference in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) knowledge and comfort level between pre- and post-event questionnaires. Demographic contributions were also assessed. Results A total of 4,253 participants were trained, 1,416 were enrolled upon submitting matching pre- and post-event questionnaires, and 101 (14%) submitted follow-up questionnaires. Mean knowledge scores increased from pre-training (2.7 ± 1.6 standard deviation (SD)) to post-training (4.7 ± 0.76 SD) (p < 0.001). Follow-up test scores (3.8 ± 1.1 SD) remained higher than pre-test scores (p < 0.001). Comfort with HOCPR increased from 59% (95% confidence interval (CI) 56 - 61) to 96% (95% CI 95 - 97). Pre- and post-knowledge scores differed significantly by education level (p < 0.001), ethnicity (p < 0.001), and income (p < 0.001). Education contributed significantly to comfort at both pre- (p = 0.015) and post-training (p = 0.026), but ethnicity and income did not. Before training, the most common barrier to performing CPR was lack of knowledge 59% (95% CI 55 - 62); after training, the most common barrier was fear of causing harm 34% (95% CI 29 - 40). Conclusions This study demonstrated that medical students were successfully able to conduct large-scale HOCPR training that improved CPR knowledge and comfort levels among participants across multiple metropolitan areas. Knowledge retention remained higher at two-years for participants of a follow-up questionnaire. Medical students can use the experiences from this training event as a template to organize similar large-scale training events in the future.