ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and social and academic impairment in 6- to 11-year-old children residents of Athens, Greece. We screened 603 elementary schoolchildren following grades first to sixth. A two-stage screening process was employed including a standardized ADHD test for teachers and the Teacher Report Form (TRF). Among the 603 children, 36 (6.0%) met the study criteria for ADHD. The estimated prevalence was 8% for boys and 3.8% for girls. The most prevalent subtype of ADHD was the combined type (3.8%), followed by the ADHD inattentive (1.7%) and the ADHD hyperactive-impulsive type (0.5%). The ADHD-combined type was strongly associated with clinical impairment in both areas of functioning (academic and social), where the ADHD inattentive subtype was found to be strongly associated with academic problems. The ADHD hyperactive-impulsive type was the less prevalent and the less impaired subtype in this study. None of the 36 children had been previously diagnosed as having ADHD or other primary disorder. In conclusion, the prevalence of ADHD among schoolchildren in Athens and the risk factors were found to be comparable to those reported in other countries worldwide. Additionally, impairment in social and academic functioning was strongly associated with the subtypes of the disorder.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Educational Status , Learning Disabilities/epidemiology , Social Behavior Disorders/epidemiology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Child , Comorbidity , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Female , Greece/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
We report a rare case involving an 85-year-old man who presented with a large metastatic hypernephroma to the frontal sinuses, the base of the nose, and the ethmoid sinuses, disfiguring the patient's face. Frequent but intermittent and mild epistaxis was one of the main symptoms. He had no history of renal malignancy, and even at the time of our examination (18 months after the appearance of the facial tumor) he did not have any symptoms of the primary renal carcinoma (not even hematuria). This metastasis may have occurred through the vertebral plexus of veins that communicate with the great venous plexus of the head and the plexus of the paranasal sinuses. If a metastatic hypernephroma to the sinonasal tract is the only clinical metastasis, as in our patient, a radical excision of the solitary metastasis, together with a nephrectomy, is recommended. Physicians dealing with head and neck lesions should always suspect a metastatic tumor and especially, a hypernephroma.
Subject(s)
Brain Neoplasms/secondary , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/secondary , Frontal Lobe , Kidney Neoplasms/pathology , Nose Neoplasms/secondary , Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms/secondary , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Brain Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/diagnostic imaging , Frontal Lobe/diagnostic imaging , Humans , Kidney Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Male , Nose Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
A case of a malignant cerebral astrocytoma containing bone in a 56-year old woman is reported. In spite of total removal and radiotherapy the tumour recurred and the patient died 18 months postoperatively. The histological features and immunohistochemical findings are presented. The literature is reviewed and probable mechanisms by which these mesodermal derivatives develop in neuroepithelial neoplasms are discussed.
