3-Hydroxyisobutyrate, A Strong Marker of Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity That Modulates White and Brown Adipocyte Metabolism.

Circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) associate with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate (3-HIB) is a catabolic intermediate of the BCAA valine. In this study, we show that in a cohort of 4,942 men and women, circulating 3-HIB is elevated according to levels of hyperglycemia and established type 2 diabetes. In complementary cohorts with measures of insulin resistance, we found positive correlates for circulating 3-HIB concentrations with HOMA2 of insulin resistance, as well as a transient increase in 3-HIB followed by a marked decrease after bariatric surgery and weight loss. During differentiation, both white and brown adipocytes upregulate BCAA utilization and release increasing amounts of 3-HIB. Knockdown of the 3-HIB-forming enzyme 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase decreases release of 3-HIB and lipid accumulation in both cell types. Conversely, addition of 3-HIB to white and brown adipocyte cultures increases fatty acid uptake and modulated insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in a time-dependent manner. Finally, 3-HIB treatment decreases mitochondrial oxygen consumption and generation of reactive oxygen species in white adipocytes, while increasing these measures in brown adipocytes. Our data establish 3-HIB as a novel adipocyte-derived regulator of adipocyte subtype-specific functions strongly linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.

An adjuvanted pandemic influenza H1N1 vaccine provides early and long term protection in health care workers.

Mass vaccination was the most effective prophylaxis for protecting the population during the influenza H1N1 pandemic. We have evaluated the tolerability, immunogenicity and kinetics of the antibody response to a monovalent oil-in-water (AS03) adjuvanted human pandemic split influenza A/California/7/2009 H1N1 (3.75 µg haemagglutinin) vaccine in health care workers. Vaccination elicited a rapid and early protective level of haemagglutination inhibition antibody from 6 to 7 days post vaccination, and by 14 to 21 days post vaccination, up to 98% of vaccinees had protective antibody titres which persisted for at least 3 months in 84-92% of subjects. A rapid induction of protective antibody is important in reducing community spread of pandemic influenza and in helping maintain the integrity of the health care system during the pandemic.

Intramuscular Matrix-M-adjuvanted virosomal H5N1 vaccine induces high frequencies of multifunctional Th1 CD4+ cells and strong antibody responses in mice.

Ideally, a candidate pandemic influenza vaccine should elicit rapid and strong cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, which are long-lasting and exhibit broad cross-reactivity against drifted strains. The present study investigated the detailed humoral and cellular immune responses in mice vaccinated intranasally or intramuscularly with inactivated influenza H5N1 (NIBRG-14) virosomal vaccine alone or formulated with Matrix-M adjuvant. The intramuscular Matrix-M-adjuvanted vaccine induced a strong immediate and long-term humoral immune response with high cross-reactivity against drifted H5N1 viruses and showed a dose-sparing potential. Additionally, the vaccine induced a balanced Th1/Th2 cytokine profile and most importantly high frequencies of multifunctional Th1 CD4(+) cells. Our results highlight that Matrix-M adjuvant is a promising parenteral adjuvant for formulating pandemic candidate vaccines.

Single-laboratory validation of the biosense direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for determination of domoic acid toxins in shellfish.

Method validation was conducted for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of domoic acid (DA) toxins, known to give amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) symptoms, in shellfish. The calibration curve range of the assay is approximately 10-260 pg/mL, with a dynamic working range for DA toxins in shellfish from 0.01 to at least 250 mg/kg. The ASP ELISA showed no significant cross-reactivity to structural analogs, and proved to be robust to deliberate alterations of the optimal running conditions. The shellfish matrix effects observed with mussels, oysters, and scallops were eliminated by diluting shellfish extracts 1:200 prior to analysis, leading to a limit of detection at 0.003 mg/kg. Thirteen blank shellfish homogenates were spiked with certified mussel material containing DA to levels in the range of 0.1-25 mg DA/kg, and analyzed in quadruplicate on 3 different days. The relative standard deviation (RSD) under intra-assay repeatability conditions ranged from 6.5 to 13.1%, and under interassay repeatability conditions the RSD ranged from 5.7 to 13.4%, with a mean value of 9.3%. The recoveries ranged from 85.5 to 106.6%, with a mean recovery of 102.2%. A method comparison was conducted with liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, using naturally contaminated scallop samples (n = 27) with DA levels at 0-244 mg/kg. The overall correlation coefficient was 0.960 and the slope of the regression was 1.218, indicating a good agreement between the methods.

Determination of domoic acid toxins in shellfish by biosense ASP ELISA--a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: collaborative study.

A collaborative study was conducted on the Biosense amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of domoic acid (DA) toxins in shellfish in order to obtain interlaboratory validation data for the method. In addition, a method comparison study was performed to evaluate the ASP ELISA as an alternative to the current liquid chromatography (LC) reference method for DA determination. The study material comprised 16 shellfish samples, including blue mussels, Pacific oysters, and king scallops, spiked with contaminated mussel homogenates to contain 0.1-20 mg DA/kg shellfish flesh. The shellfish samples were extracted with 50% aqueous methanol, and the supernatants were directly analyzed. Sixteen participating laboratories in 10 countries reported data from the ASP ELISA, and 4 of these laboratories also reported data from instrumental LC analysis. The participating laboratories achieved interlaboratory precision estimates for the 8 Youden paired shellfish samples in the range of 10-20% for RSD(r) (mean 14.8 +/- 4%), and 13-29% for RSDR (mean 22.7 +/- 6%). The precision estimates for the ELISA data did not show a strong dependence on the DA concentration in the study samples, and the overall precision achieved was within the acceptable range of the Horwitz guideline with HorRat values ranging from 1.1 to 2.4 (mean HorRat 1.7 +/- 0.5). The analysis of shellfish samples spiked with certified reference material (CRM)-ASP-MUS-b gave recoveries in the range of 88-122%, with an average recovery of 104 +/- 10%. The estimate on method accuracy was supported by a correlation slope of 1.015 (R2 = 0.992) for the determined versus the expected DA values. Furthermore, the correlation of the ASP ELISA results with those for the instrumental LC analyses of the same sample extracts gave a correlation slope of 1.29 (R2 = 0.984). This indicates some overestimation of DA levels in shellfish by the ELISA, but it is also a result of apparent low recoveries for the LC methods. This interlaboratory study demonstrates that the ASP ELISA is suitable for the routine determination and monitoring of DA toxins in shellfish, and that it offers a rapid and cost-effective methodology with high sample throughput.

Monoclonal antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantify vitellogenin for studies on environmental estrogens in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Vitellogenin (VTG) induction has proved to be a valuable biomarker for assessing exposure to environmental estrogens in fish. The widespread use of VTG in this regard has lead to the need for standardized assays to quantify VTG, and monoclonal antibodies have the potential to help accomplish this. A VTG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using a monoclonal antibody prepared against Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) VTG (MAb BN-5) and its ability to quantify VTG in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) compared with a rainbow trout vitellogenin (rt-VTG) ELISA that employed homologous polyclonal antibodies (PAb). In routine protocols, the working range of the homologous rt-PAb VTG ELISA was between 9 ng/ml and 70 ng/ml (80- 20% relative maximum binding [B/Bo]) with a 50% B/Bo of 25+/-0.9 ng/ml and inter- and intraassay variations at 50% B/Bo of 7% (n = 7) and 8% (n = 15), respectively. The working range of the MAb BN-5 VTG ELISA was between 60 ng/ml and 850 ng/ml (80-20% B/Bo) with a 50% B/Bo of 227+/-22 ng/ml and inter- and intraassay variations at 50% B/Bo of 5% (n = 10) and 9% (n = 12), respectively. In the routine protocols, detection limits for measurement of plasma VTG in rainbow trout (at 80% B/Bo; and given the requirement to dilute plasma to a minimum of 1:10 for the assays) were 90 ng/ml for the polyclonal rt-VTG assay and approximately 600 ng/ml in the monoclonal antibody assay. In juvenile female rainbow trout exposed to a series of doses of estradiol-17beta (E2) and 4-tert nonylphenol (4-NP), there were no differences in the vitellogenic responses measured in the PAb and MAb BN-5 VTG ELISAs. The monoclonal MAb BN-5 VTG ELISA is likely to be of considerable value for studies on environmental estrogens in juvenile female rainbow trout in standardized tests.