Residual Pattern of Chlorantraniliprole, Thiamethoxam, Flubendiamide and Deltamethrin in Tomato Fruit and Soil.

Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum L. is grown widely as an important day-to-day demand vegetable. The crop is attacked by various polyphagous insect pests like tomato fruit borer, stink bug, cabbage looper, flea beetle, aphids, whitefly, two-spotted spider mite, etc., and oligophagous insects like leaf-miner, five-spotted hawkmoth, etc. To combat the damage and yield loss, various chemical insecticides were sprayed on tomatoes under field conditions. The residual pattern of insecticides like chlorantraniliprole, thiamethoxam, flubendiamide, and deltamethrin residues was studied following applications of chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (Coragen) @ 30 g a.i./ha, thiamethoxam 25% WG (Actara) @ 50 g a.i./ha, flubendiamide 39.35 M/M SC (Fame) @ 48 g a.i./ha and deltamethrin 2.8% EC (Decis 100) @ 12.5 g a.i./ha using Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). Fruit samples were collected at 0 (1 h after application), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 days and at harvest time. All the residues of insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole (0.09 mg kg- 1), thiamethoxam (0.03 mg kg- 1), flubendiamide (0.02 mg kg- 1), and deltamethrin (0.01 mg kg- 1) were persisted up to 5th day. There were no residues found at harvest time. The residues of chlorantraniliprole and deltamethrin persisted up to 3rd day of spraying whereas the residues of flubendiamide and thiamethoxam were not detected on the same day in the soil.

The current state of research and potential applications of insects for resource recovery and aquaculture feed.

Concerns about fishmeal use and its ecological footprints must be addressed for the aquaculture industry to move on as a sustainable food production sector. Through recent research outcomes, the insect-based meals in fish diets have promise and harnessed promises for commercial applications. In this midst, the efficiency of the selected insects in valorizing biological waste, as well as the nutritional profile of the harvested insects for use in fish diets, will be the driving forces behind such an approach. More extensive research has been published on the suitability of the waste substrate, the nutritional profiling of the meals, the level of substitution, the effects on growth, the immune physiology, and the flesh quality of the animals. Previously, there are only a few reviews available in insect protein applications in aqua feed that focused particularly on the nutritional quality and substitution levels. Considering the dearth of available work, the goal of this review is to provide a more comprehensive account of the resource recovery potential of insects and its derivatives, with a special emphasis on quality as determined by substrate used and processing techniques. Suggestions and policy implications for a sustainable approach to achieving a circular bio-economy of insect farming and its application in aquaculture are discussed for progression and advancement of the existing state of the art.

First record of leafhopper genus Satsumanus Ishihara from India (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) with description of a new species.

The leafhopper genus Satsumanus Ishihara of tribe Opsiini is newly reported from India based on a new species, Satsumanus chajingensis Rajgopal & Stuti sp. nov. (Manipur: Imphal West), here described and illustrated. Materials are deposited in the National Pusa Collection, Division of Entomology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India. Photographic illustrations, a species checklist, key to species of the genus and distribution map are provided.

Reactive oxygen species turnover, phenolics metabolism, and some key gene expressions modulate postharvest physiological deterioration in cassava tubers.

Rapid postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tuber is a significant concern during storage. The freshly harvested tubers start spoiling within 24 to 72 h. Accumulation of H2O2 is one of the earliest biochemical events that occurred during PPD, which was detected using the 3,3 diaminobenzidine (DAB) in two contrast cassava genotypes, MNP Local A (29-57 µg g-1) and Sree Prakash (64-141 µg g-1). Accumulating the fluorescence hydroxycoumarin compounds emitted by the cassava tubers observed under an ultraviolet (UV) lamp showed significant variations at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days of storage. The total phenolics and carotenoids significantly and negatively correlated with PPD progression; however, the anthocyanin and flavonoids positively correlated with the PPD-anchored ROS accumulation. The primary compound, Phthalic acid, di(2-propylpentyl) ester, was identified in both the cassava tubers, Sree Prakash (57.21 and 35.21%), and MNP Local A (75.58 and 60.21%) at 0, and 72 h of PPD, respectively. The expression of PPD-associated genes APX-2, APX-3, PAL, and AP was higher at 6-12 days of PPD, which signified the synthesis of ROS turnover and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. A significant, strong, and positive correlation was established between the secondary metabolites and PPD signaling gene expression, which was inversely correlated with hydroxycoumarin and H2O2 accumulation. MNP Local A tubers exhibited longer storage life of 15 days with a low PPD score, higher metabolites synthesis, and gene expression. The PPD-resistant lines may be used to augment cassava breeding strategies for large-scale commercial and industrial use.

Simple template-based reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification assay for routine diagnosis of citrus tristeza virus.

This study reports a simple template-based reverse transcription-polymerase amplification assay (ST-RT-RPA) for detection of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) from crude plant extract lysed in NaOH:EDTA (1:1) without the need of tedious RNA isolation. The developed assay showed versatility in its usage as amplification can be performed at wide temperature range (14°C to 42°C) and incubation time (4 to 32 min), although the best conditions were 38°C for 30 min. The developed ST-RT-RPA assay could detect the CTV up to 10-8 dilution of crude plant extract of NaOH:EDTA and up to 0.01 fg µl-1 of RNA of CTV-infected plant tissues and 0.001 ag µl-1 of plasmid DNA containing viral insert, thus exhibiting sufficient sensitivity. ST-RT-RPA assay showed high specificity without any cross-reaction with other citrus pathogens (Indian citrus ringspot virus, citrus yellow mosaic virus, citrus yellow vein clearing virus, and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus) and was more sensitive in detection of CTV infection in field samples as compared to standard reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with later showing false negative in 7.92% of samples tested after 1 week of sampling. The developed ST-RT-RPA assay used minimally processed crude plant extract as template, tolerant to sample degradation in transit and storage, while it can be easily performed at wide temperatures and could be adopted in resource-poor setup.

Genetic Variability Based on Tandem Repeat Numbers in a Genomic Locus of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Prevalent in North East India.

The genetic variability of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) population associated with huanglongbing (HLB) disease of citrus in North Eastern (NE) region of India, a geographically locked region, and home for the diversity of many citrus species was analyzed on the basis of tandem repeat numbers (TRN) in variable CLIBASIA_01645 genomic loci. Fifty-five CLas strains sampled from different groves of NE Hill (NEH) region of India were in single amplicon group, but there was remarkable genetic variability in TRNs. The TRN in HLB-associated CLas strains varied from 0-21 and two novel repeat motifs were also identified. Among the NE population of CLas, TRN5 and TRN9 were most frequent (total frequency of 36.36%) followed by TRN4 (14.55%) and TRN6, TNR7 with a frequency of 12.73% each. Class II type CLas genotypes (5 < TRN ≤ 10) had highest prevalence (frequency of 60.00%) in the samples characterized in present study. Class I (TRN ≤ 5) genotypes were second highest prevalent (29.09%) in the NEH region. Further analysis of genetic diversity parameters using Nei's measure (H value) indicated wide genetic diversity in the CLas strains of NE India (H value of 0.58-0.86). Manipur CLas strains had highest genetic variability (0.86) as compared to Eastern, Southern and Central India. The R10 values (TRN ≤ 10/TRN > 10) of NE CLas population was 10.43 (73/7), higher from other regions of India. Present study conclusively reported the occurrence of high genetic variability in TRN of CLas population in North East Indian citrus groves which have evolved to adapt to the specific ecological niche.