Geographical variation of skull size and shape in various populations in the black giant squirrel.

We osteometrically examined the skulls of the black giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor) from three mainland populations (M. Malayan Peninsula, V. South Vietnam, and B. Burma, India and North Thailand) and from two island populations (T. Tioman, and S. Sumatra Islands). The skull in the Malayan peninsula population was significantly smaller than that of the two other mainland populations. It is consistent with Bergmann's rule as shown in the gray-bellied squirrel. The two island populations did not show obvious differences in comparison with the Malayan population in many measurements. In the proportion analysis eliminating the size factor, the differences among populations were not easily confirmed and we concluded that the osteological characters peculiar to each population could not be shown in this species. The first and second principal component scores of M, S, and T populations were intermingled, whereas the V and B populations of V and B were not separated in the chart. We pointed out that the morphological differences were demonstrated between northern and southern groups of the Isthmus of Kra in the mainland populations, and that the two island populations did not show the island-isolation effect in comparison with the M population. The adaptational variation related to feeding and locomotion could not be confirmed among populations of the black giant squirrel as shown in the proportion analysis.

Geographical and functional-morphological variations of the skull in the gray-bellied squirrel.

The geographical variations of the skulls were osteometrically examined in the gray-bellied squirrel (Callosciurus caniceps) from the populations of Korat, Ranong, southernmost Thailand, and Terutau Island. The skull size was larger in northern population than in the southern population in the continental mainland. The zoogeographical influences of the Isthmus of Kra remained unclear, since the plots from Korat population were intermingled with those from southernmost Thailand population in the principal component charts. Although Korat population has been thought to belong to north group, we suggest that Ranong and southernmost Thailand populations may contain individuals from both north and south groups separated by the ancient Kra barrier. Terutau Island population was similar to southernmost Thailand population in skull size, although Terutau population has been isolated in the island and separated from the south group of the Isthmus of Kra. In the proportional analysis the interorbital space was narrower and the binocular sense has been well-developed in Terutau population. It suggests that this population has been highly adapted to arboreal behavior. In contrast, the skull with larger interorbital space was more adaptive for terrestrial life in Korat population. The canonical discriminant analysis could clearly separate the four populations in the scattergrams of discriminant scores.

Geographical variation of skull morphology and its functional significances in the red-cheeked squirrel.

Skulls of the red-cheeked squirrel (Dremomys rufigenis) from various geographical locations: Malaysia (peninsular area), Vietnam (south district)-Laos, and Thailand (north district) were osteometrically examined. The skull size of the squirrels in the southern (Malaysia) population was fundamentally larger than that in the northern (Vietnam, Laos and Thailand) populations. The proportion indices indicated that the splanchnocranium was relatively longer in the Malaysia population, and that the interorbital space was narrower in Vietnam-Laos, and Thailand populations. We suggest that the long nose and laterally-oriented orbits in the skull may be better adapted for terrestrial-insectivorous life in the Malaysia population and the binocular sense facilitated by rostrally-oriented eyes contributes to the arboreal-fruit eating behavior in the two northern populations. The Malaysia population was clearly distinguished from the other populations by the principal component analysis. We suggest that the geographical barrier of the Isthmus of Kra influences the morphological variation of the skull among the squirrel populations.