ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: We assessed whether disease activity was associated with dietary habits, nutritional status, adipokines, and oxidative stress in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: The subjects were 37 patients with RA. The assessment of the nutritional status included anthropometric and biochemical parameters. A food-frequency questionnaire and a 3-d diet record to assess dietary intake were used. The serum levels of adipokines and oxidative stress markers in sera and saliva were measured. The disease activity was determined using the 28 Disease Activity Score (DAS28). We divided the subjects into high (DAS28 ≥3.2) and low (DAS28 <3.2) disease activity groups. RESULTS: The serum leptin and albumin levels were significantly lower, whereas the inflammatory markers were increased, in the high disease activity group. The dietary intake assessment showed a lower intake of fish oil and a lower ratio of monounsaturated fatty acid intake in the high disease activity group. There was a negative correlation between the DAS28 and the dietary intake of the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acid to total fatty acid intake. The serum oxidative stress marker (reactive oxygen metabolites) showed a positive correlation to the DAS28. The salivary reactive oxygen metabolites also correlated with C-reactive protein and serum reactive oxygen metabolites. CONCLUSION: Altered serum adipokine levels with decreased albumin may reflect the deterioration that is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. An increased oxidative stress was observed in sera and saliva. Intakes of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish oil, and monounsaturated fatty acid seem to affect disease activity and may have beneficial effects by decreasing inflammation.
Subject(s)
Adipokines/metabolism , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/physiopathology , Diet/adverse effects , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Nutritional Status , Oxidative Stress , Adipokines/blood , Aged , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diet therapy , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/ethnology , Biomarkers/blood , Biomarkers/metabolism , Diet/ethnology , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/administration & dosage , Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/therapeutic use , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage , Fatty Acids, Omega-3/therapeutic use , Feeding Behavior/ethnology , Female , Fish Oils/administration & dosage , Fish Oils/therapeutic use , Humans , Hypoalbuminemia/etiology , Hypoalbuminemia/prevention & control , Inflammation Mediators/blood , Japan , Male , Middle Aged , Nutritional Status/ethnology , Reactive Oxygen Species/blood , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Saliva/metabolism , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
Optically high quality coatings of fluoride materials are required in deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography. We have applied ion-beam sputtering (IBS) to obtain fluoride films with smooth surfaces. The extinction coefficients were of the order of 10(-4) at the wavelength of 193 nm due to the reduction of their absorption loss. The transmittance of the MgF2/GdF3 antireflection coating was as high as 99.7% at the wavelength of 193 nm. The surfaces of the IBS deposited films were so smooth that the surface roughness of the A1F3/GdF3 film was comparable with that of the CaF2 substrate. The MgF2/GdF3 coating fulfilled the temperature and humidity requirements of military specification. Thus, the IBS deposited fluoride films are promising candidate for use in the DUV lithography optics.
