ABSTRACT
High-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing has become an integral component of cervical cancer screening, given that persistent infection with hrHPV was recognized as a significant risk factor for most precancers and cancers of the cervix. Particularly, testing for hrHPV types (in conjunction with cervical cytology) has been approved for primary screening in women over 30 years of age and for cost-effective triaging of equivocal cervical cytology results. HPV was a small double-stranded DNA virus that cannot be cultured in vitro; so, different types of tests have been developed to detect its presence. Various molecular techniques were available for detecting the presence and/or quantity of hrHPV. In this review, the testing options for hrHPV and its surrogates, with an emphasis on those approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), were detailed. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Subject(s)
Early Detection of Cancer/methods , Papillomaviridae/isolation & purification , Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnosis , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology , Female , Humans , Papillomavirus Infections/virology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control , Vaginal SmearsABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are clonal stem cell diseases characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, multilineage dysplasia, and peripheral cytopenias with normocellular or hypercellular marrow. They represent a heterogeneous group of disorders with a varied spectrum of clinical, morphologic, biologic, and genetic characteristics. This heterogeneity in disease characterization has led to evolving classification systems, developing prognostic models, and continuing research efforts to elucidate its pathobiology and pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: To summarize updated information and provide a general overview of the clinicopathologic features, pathobiology, and cytogenetic and molecular pathogenesis of MDSs. DATA SOURCES: Relevant articles indexed in PubMed (National Library of Medicine) between 1982 and 2005 and reference medical texts. CONCLUSIONS: Although MDSs remain a relatively poorly defined disease entity, recent advancements in cytogenetic and molecular studies have significantly contributed to our present knowledge of MDSs. Novel strategies for studying the pathogenesis and evolution of MDSs continue to shape our understanding of this disease and guide our approaches to diagnosis and treatment.
