ABSTRACT
Cytosolic 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine-binding protein plays pivotal roles in the regulation of intracellular 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine concentration in vivo. The expression of the protein, which is identical to µ-crystallin, is regulated by various factors. To elucidate the mechanisms of its expression, we evaluated the promoter transactivity and insulin signaling via the AP-1 site in the promoter. The isolated 600 bp human and 1976 bp mouse 5'-flanking regions were cloned in a luciferase reporter plasmid. The luciferase activity was estimated in GH3, dRLh-84, HEK293, and insulin receptor-overexpressing CHO-IR cells. The effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate and insulin on µ-crystallin mRNA expression were evaluated in various cells. The region between -200 and the transcriptional start site was crucial for constitutive expression in µ-crystallin-expressing dRLh-84 cells. This region contained an AP-1 site. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate increased the level of µ-crystallin mRNA expression in HEK 293 cells. The compound also increased luciferase activity through the promoter. Mutation in the AP1 site diminished the response to the compound. The promoter was also activated by insulin treatment in CHO-IR cells. Insulin treatment increased µ-crystallin mRNA expression in Raw264.7 cells, but decreased in HEK293, P19, and dRLH-84 cells. The expression of µ-crystallin was regulated through the AP-1 site in the promoter. The signals related to AP-1 activation, such as insulin signaling may have diverse effects on µ-crystallin mRNA expression.
Subject(s)
Crystallins/chemistry , Crystallins/genetics , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Triiodothyronine/metabolism , Up-Regulation , Animals , Binding Sites , Cell Line , Crystallins/metabolism , Genes, Reporter , Humans , Insulin/metabolism , Mice , Protein Binding , Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/metabolism , Transcription Factor AP-1/genetics , Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism , Transcriptional Activation , mu-CrystallinsABSTRACT
AIMS: The present study was performed to develop a simple procedure for assessment of body temperature and to determine whether postprandial thermoregulation is related to metabolic regulation in diabetic patients. METHODS: We examined 101 male and female subjects with diabetes. Axillary temperature was measured prior to and after all meals (3 meals per day) and self-recorded for 1 week. The averages were calculated. Positive postprandial thermoregulation (PPT) was defined as a pattern in which each of 3 average postprandial temperatures was higher than the corresponding 3 preprandial temperatures. Negative postprandial thermoregulation (NPT) was defined as the pattern except for PPT. RESULTS: A significant increase in postprandial temperature was observed. With the exception of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels, there were no relationships between the categorized postprandial thermoregulation and other factors, including age, sex, body mass index, thyroid function, HbA1c, diabetic complications, lipid metabolism, and calorie intake. Logistic analysis indicated an independent positive relation between HDL-cholesterol and PPT. CONCLUSION: A simple method for measurement of body temperature indicated that HDL-cholesterol level was predominantly associated with thermic effects of food in diabetic patients, while other metabolic factors showed no such relations. HDL-cholesterol may affect the postprandial regulation of body temperature in diabetic patients.
Subject(s)
Body Temperature Regulation/physiology , Body Temperature , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology , Diagnostic Self Evaluation , Eating/physiology , Postprandial Period/physiology , Adult , Aged , Axilla , Body Temperature/physiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Female , Fever/blood , Fever/etiology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
The high frequency of cutaneous manifestations in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) has recently been reported. Since prevalence of some cutaneous diseases varies among different ethnic groups, we examined the frequency of facial angiofibromas in Japanese patients with familial MEN 1. Among 27 patients with germline MEN1 gene mutation and one asymptomatic gene carrier, angiofibromas were identified in 43% (12/28) of the subjects. This frequency was significantly lower than that of Caucasian patients, but nonetheless almost equaled those of pituitary tumors and pancreas endocrine tumors. Angiofibromas should be considered as one of major manifestations in MEN 1 regardless of patients' ethnic origin, and clinicians should pay careful attention to the cutaneous lesions in patients with endocrine tumors.
