Dysbiosis linking periodontal disease and oral squamous cell carcinoma-A brief narrative review.

An association between periodontal disease and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been recognized. However, there is no causal relationship between the two. The polymicrobial etiology of periodontal disease is confirmed, and so are the proven etiological factors for OSCC. Inflammation lies at the core of periodontal pathogenesis induced by the putative microbes. OSCC has inflammatory overtures in its pathobiology. Bacterial species involved in periodontal disease have been extensively documented and validated. The microbial profile in OSCC has been explored with no specific conclusions. The scientific reasoning to link a common microbial signature that connects periodontal disease to OSCC has led to many studies but has not provided conclusive evidence. Therefore, it would be beneficial to know the status of any plausible microbiota having a similarity in periodontal disease and OSCC. This brief review attempted to clarify the existence of a dysbiotic "fingerprint" that may link these two diseases. The review examined the literature with a focused objective of identifying periodontal microbial profiles in OSCC that could provide insights into pathogen commonality. The review concluded that there is great diversity in microbial association, but important bacterial species that correlate with periodontal disease and OSCC are forthcoming.

Conceptual model for progression of oral cancer - our perspective.

Oral cancer was and still is an underestimated disease in terms of incidence and mortality rates. As a result, requires early detection and urgent prevention. This article describes a framework that covers the significant stages of conceptual development of oral cancer. Conceptual model is useful in understanding the pathogenesis and understand the disease processes. This article signifies information on various aspects of perspective risk and the role played by it. Article covers the following aspects: what are the perspective risks, what changes it causes to normal cell, what are the direct and indirect effects on normal cell, cellular changes seen with normal cell when affected with perspective risk, transformation of normal cell to oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and changes seen during transformation into cancer. Understanding the conceptual model of oral cancer transformation will be a paradigm shift in future research in the field and early management of oral cancer, which will reduce the disease burden on the nation.

Digital microscopy: A routine mandate in future? A leaf out of Covid-19 pandemic laboratory experience.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought out lot of changes among the way people and organisations function. It has also reduced social gatherings and hence social relations considerably, forcing people to adjust to new ways of work and life. An outstanding difference between the current COVID-19 pandemic and previous epidemics or pandemics is the increased availability and use of technology currently, which has been validated by various reports from across the globe. Thus, even with the ensuing pandemic, lockdown and decreased social gatherings, with the technology support we have devised ways to keep in contact with friends, family and work place, so as to continue our lives. Social distancing guidelines and regulations have put pressure on a great many organisations to find new ways of keeping employees and students connected while working remotely. For more deskbound occupations and roles, this can be relatively straightforward, but it is challenging if not impossible for lab-based quality control, research and study. The answer to this is digital remote microscopy which enables sharing of data online, carrying out collaborative work through multi-viewing in real time and facilitates remote training functions.

Classification staging systems on clinical and radiographic features of inverted sinonasal papilloma: A case report.

Inverted sinonasal papilloma is an infrequent tumor that mostly affects the elder group of 40-50 yr. This tumor is distinguished from other sinonasal tumors by three characteristics: a high rate of recurrence, carcinomatous changes, and a high potential for local destruction. In 40% of cases of inverted sinonasal papilloma showed an association with the human papillomavirus and considered as the main etiological agent. Here, we present a case of a 36-year-old male presented with pus discharge from the right upper back teeth region in the past 1 year. Correlating with clinical, radiographical features, a diagnosis of the Inverted sinonasal papilloma.

Melanin and odontogenic cysts: An ambiguous yet imperative relation.

Pigmentation in the head-and-neck lesions is an uncommon feature. The presence of it is fascinating, but its relevance is unknown. Various odontogenic and nonodontogenic lesions show the presence of melanin pigment. Although the presence of melanin is normal in the epithelium and connective tissue, the role of melanin pigmentation in odontogenic cysts is unclear. Apart from maintaining the skin balance, varying other functions of melanin is being researched. However, not much study has been done regarding it in odontogenic lesions. As the literature regarding such cases are scanty, here, we present a case of pigmented dentigerous cyst and an attempt to understand their relationship.

Cephalic index, facial index and dental parameters: A correlative study to evaluate their significance in facial reconstruction.

Background: It becomes extremely challenging for forensic artists to reconstruct the highly decomposed faces, especially during mass disasters. It would be of great help for the identifying team of experts if there was a method to determine the facial and cephalic dimensions. This study aims to provide a method to generate a simplified method to calculate the facial and cephalic indices of an individual based on the dentition since human dentition remains almost intact in most scenarios. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 200 participants with the age range of 18-23 years belonging to Kerala. The cephalic and facial indices were measured using a caliper. The interincisal, intercanine, interpremolar and intermolar widths of maxillary dentition were measured on study models using a digital vernier caliper. The mean cranial and facial index were calculated and were correlated with interdental measurements. Results: It was concluded that dominant head types in Kerala males were dolichocephalic (50.2%) followed by mesocephalic (29.8%). In females, the dominant head types were dolichocephalic (42.7%) followed by mesocephalic (42.2%). In the facial types, majority of individuals were found to be leptoprosopic. A good correlation was found between the intercanine width with facial width and cranial width and a simplified formula were derived to estimate the cranial and facial index for this population. Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that the facial index and cranial index of a particular population can be evaluated from interdental measurements of the maxillary cast, especially the intercanine width.

Immunohistochemistry: An indispensable aid in diagnosis and management of infantile myofibroblastoma.

Myofibroma is a benign tumor of myofibroblasts occurring commonly in infants and children. It can occur as a solitary lesion or as multiple lesions in the soft tissues or intraosseously. The presence of the solitary lesion is common in the soft tissues of the head-and-neck region but rare in jawbones. Histologically, it has a biphasic pattern of presentation and mimics spindle cell tumors. Immunohistochemistry is essential for its confirmatory diagnosis. This article describes a case of this rare lesion presenting as a solitary lesion in the left body of the mandible in a 7-month-old boy baby. The diagnostic and therapeutic challenges have been discussed.

Pigmented calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor associated with compound odontoma: Report of a rare case and review.

Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (CCOT) is a rare lesion accounting for only 2% of all odontogenic cysts and tumors. CCOTs can occur alone or in association with other odontogenic tumors such as odontomas. Pigmented intraosseous odontogenic lesions are rare. Among them, pigmented CCOT is known to occur with greater frequency. Only six cases of combination of pigmentation CCOT associated with odontoma have been reported in the literature. We herein present such a rare case occurring in the maxillary anterior region in a 13-year-old female patient.

Comparison of Microwave Versus Conventional Decalcification of Teeth Using Three Different Decalcifying Solutions.

BACKGROUND: In routine histopathology, decalcification of teeth is an essential and important step during tissue processing. The present study was attempted to decalcify teeth using microwave method and to compare it with conventional decalcification method. AIM: To compare microwave decalcification with conventional decalcification method with respect to the speed of decalcification, preservation of tissue structure, and efficacy of staining. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 72 single-rooted premolars were used for both conventional and microwave decalcification methods. Three different types of decalcifying agents at 5% and 7% were used. Decalcifying agents included nitric acid, formic acid, and trichloroacetic acid, each at 5% and 7%. About 6 teeth were included in each category and were decalcified by both conventional and microwave method. After decalcification, all the teeth were examined macroscopically and microscopically. Cramer's V-test was used to determine the statistical significance. RESULTS: The results have shown that microwave method using 5% and 7% nitric acid were the fastest. Structural details and good staining characteristics were better in teeth decalcified by 5% nitric acid and 5% trichloroacetic acid by both the methods. CONCLUSIONS: 5% nitric acid by microwave method proved to be the best decalcifying agent as it was fast and gave good structural details and staining characteristics.