ABSTRACT
Long-term parenteral nutrition-associated liver dysfunction is caused by intestinal failure and associated complications rather than the parenteral nutrition administration. Intestinal failure-associated liver disease has a diverse etiology, so its prevention and treatment usually require multiple measures at the same time. This article provides a summary of the preventative as well as treatment options for intestinal failure-associated liver disease.
Subject(s)
Intestinal Diseases , Intestinal Failure , Liver Diseases , Liver Failure , Humans , Intestinal Diseases/etiology , Intestinal Diseases/prevention & control , Liver Diseases/prevention & control , Liver Diseases/complications , Parenteral Nutrition/adverse effects , Liver Failure/therapyABSTRACT
The pilot study describes a novel method for preparing nano-sized particles from collagen II using a high-voltage electrostatic field system. Observations from transmission electron microscopy showed that, in one of the cases, the nano-sized collagen II particles exhibited good sphericity, and the particles were in the range of 23.3+/-1.7 nm in diameter at the experimental setting of 3 kV cm(-1), for a 3 h treatment period and at 25 degrees C (with a collagen concentration of 0.2 mg ml(-1)). When the treatment temperature increased to 30 degrees C, the collagen II began to lose the tendency to form individually separated spherically shaped nano-particles. Moreover, a fibrous structure of collagen II was formed instead of a nano-particle shape at the temperature of 37 degrees C. This result is probably contributed to by an entropy-driven process that is termed fibrillogenesis, a larger force causing the collagen molecules to self-assemble and then form collagen fibrils. It is interesting to note that this is practically the first attempt to produce nano-particles directly from collagen II solution under the treatment of a high-voltage electrostatic field, together with a set of working parameters for the collagen concentration and low-temperature setting.
Subject(s)
Collagen Type II/chemical synthesis , Collagen Type II/ultrastructure , Crystallization/methods , Electrochemistry/methods , Nanotechnology/methods , Nanotubes/chemistry , Nanotubes/ultrastructure , Biocompatible Materials/chemical synthesis , Biocompatible Materials/radiation effects , Collagen Type II/radiation effects , Electromagnetic Fields , Materials Testing , Multiprotein Complexes/chemical synthesis , Multiprotein Complexes/radiation effects , Multiprotein Complexes/ultrastructure , Nanotubes/radiation effects , Particle Size , Static ElectricityABSTRACT
An aqueous humor draining device, with size comparable to that of the Krupin tube, was constructed by using poly-HEMA material. Deposits were found on the surface of poly-HEMA when contacted in vitro with the aqueous humor of the rabbit's eye. A fibrous structure, probably composed of proteins and other macromolecules, developed on poly-HEMA surface in 15 days after the draining device was implanted into the rabbit's eye. The draining device was still in function 250 days after its implantation. SEM analysis of the retrieved poly-HEMA draining device indicated that the poly-HEMA tube opening was not blocked by any substance. These results suggest that poly-HEMA could be used as a biomaterial for construction of the aqueous humor draining device to relieve the intraocular pressure of glaucoma patients. Its long-term application awaits further investigation.
