ABSTRACT
The modulation of part-list cues on long-term memory has been well-documented, whereas its impact on working memory remains largely unknown. The current study recruited a working memory part-list cuing paradigm to investigate how re-exposing part-list items affected item representation in working memory, and more specifically, whether the cuing effect was modulated by the task presentation mode. Our results showed that when the part-list re-exposure and no-part-list re-exposure trials were presented in separate blocks, using the re-exposed items as retrieval cues (part-list cue condition) significantly impaired recognition speed, accuracy and elevated judgement criteria (Experiment 1a), whereas merely relearning the re-exposed items (part-list relearning condition) has no such effect (Experiment 1b). When the part-list cue trials are randomly interleaved with the no-part-list cue trials, recognition accuracy was significantly lower in the part-list cue condition, whereas the recognition speed and judgement criteria were not significantly different under the two conditions (Experiment 2). These results indicate that re-exposing subsets of previously memorized items as retrieval cues can reduce the strength of other representations in working memory. Moreover, the effect of part-list cues in working memory is affected by task presentation mode. The mechanisms of part-list cuing within working memory were discussed.
Subject(s)
Cues , Memory, Short-Term , Humans , Mental Recall , Recognition, PsychologyABSTRACT
An efficient visible-light-promoted N-radical-mediated tandem radical cyclization/defluorinated alkylation of ß,γ-unsaturated hydrazones, and α-trifluoromethyl alkenes is described. This protocol provides a general and effective route to synthesize various dihydropyrazole-fused gem-difluoroalkenes at moderate to excellent yields under redox-neutral, metal-free, and mild conditions.
ABSTRACT
With the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the incidence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) increases each day. To date, there is no specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug. The usual approach to treating COVID-19 is treating its symptoms. However, this approach is limited by the different conditions of each area. We treated a 57-year-old man who was initially diagnosed with a severe type of the infection, but he progressed to a critical condition and eventually died. We learned valuable lessons from this case. The first lesson is the need to use immediate invasive mechanical ventilation if there is no obvious improvement after using non-invasive ventilation for several hours, which directly affects the prognosis. Another lesson is the risk involved in transferring severe COVID-19 patients. In the process of transfer, various threats may be encountered at any time. Thus, accurate assessment of the patient's condition and strict medical conditions are highly required. During the patient's 25-day treatment, we performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation twice. Currently, many patients require invasive mechanical ventilation and transfer to a superior hospital. We hope our findings will provide some advice and help for treating severe and critical COVID-19 cases.
ABSTRACT
Neonatal bacterial meningitis remains a life-threatening and causative sequelae disease in newborns, despite the effective usage of antibiotics and improved critical medical care. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) transendothelial migration across the blood-brain barrier, one of the three hallmarks of bacterial meningitis, now is considered as a "double-edge sword". When participating in host immune system defending against virulent pathogens, it results in tissue inflammation and following severe damage of central nervous system at the same time, which contributes to a disastrous consequence. Recently, several researches have focused on this multi-step process and the mechanism of how the virulent factors of different pathogens influence PMN migration. The great progression they made has enlightened a new research hotspot and a novel therapeutic strategy. This mini review outlines the determinants and progression of PMN transmigration in neonatal meningitis caused by different predominant pathogens.
ABSTRACT
Escherichia coli K1 is the most common Gram-negative bacteria causing neonatal meningitis. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) transmigration across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the hallmark of bacterial meningitis. Reportedly, the deletion of virulence factor cglD (E44:ΔcglD) from E44 is responsible for a less efficient PMN transendothelial migration ability. In the present study, we found that complementation of the cglD gene into E44:ΔcglD mutant strain might restore the PMN count and myeloperoxidase level in a neonatal mouse meningitis. Using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), the main model of the BBB in vitro, we found that E44:ΔcglD mutant strain induced a less efficient PMN adhesion to HBMECs and down-regulated chemokines CXCL1, CXCL6 and CXCL8 and adhesion molecule E-selectin, compared with the E44 strain. Complementation of cglD restored the PMN adhesion to HBMECs and the level of these proteins. E44:ΔcglD mutant strain also induced a less efficient NF-κB pathway activation in HBMECs and reduced the soluble p65 (sp65) level in the cerebral spinal fluid of newborn mice, compared with the E44 strain. Complementation of cglD restored the NF-κB pathway activation and increased the sp65 levels. This suggests that cglD in E44 contributes to NF-κB pathway activation in the brain endothelium to promote PMN adhesion to HBMECs and transendothelial migration. Our identified novel requirement of cglD for immune activation and subsequent PMN entry into the central nervous system suggests that therapies directed at neutralising this molecule will be beneficial in preventing bacterial meningitis progression.
