ABSTRACT
Recent 13C NMR studies in rat models have shown that the glutamate/glutamine cycle is highly active in the cerebral cortex and is coupled to incremental glucose oxidation in an approximately 1:1 stoichiometry. To determine whether a high level of glutamatergic activity is present in human cortex, the rates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glutamine synthesis, and the glutamate/glutamine cycle were determined in the human occipital/parietal lobe at rest. During an infusion of [1-13C]-glucose, in vivo 13C NMR spectra were obtained of the time courses of label incorporation into [4-13C]-glutamate and [4-13C]-glutamine. Using a metabolic model we have validated in the rat, we calculated a total tricarboxylic acid cycle rate of 0.77 +/- 0.07 micromol/min/g (mean +/- SD, n = 6), a glucose oxidation rate of 0.39 +/- 0.04 micromol/min/g, and a glutamate/glutamine cycle rate of 0.32 +/- 0.05 micromol/min/g (mean +/- SD, n = 6). In agreement with studies in rat cerebral cortex, the glutamate/glutamine cycle is a major metabolic flux in the resting human brain with a rate approximately 80% of glucose oxidation.
Subject(s)
Cerebral Cortex/metabolism , Citric Acid Cycle , Glucose/metabolism , Glutamic Acid/metabolism , Glutamine/metabolism , Adult , Animals , Carbon Isotopes , Female , Humans , Kinetics , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods , Male , Models, Chemical , Oxidation-Reduction , Parietal Lobe/metabolism , Rats , Reference Values , Temporal Lobe/metabolism , Time FactorsABSTRACT
We have used volume-localized 1H NMR spectroscopy to detect and measure changes in medullary trimethylamines (TMAs) in the human kidney in vivo. Localized water-suppressed 1H spectra were collected from a volume of interest located within the renal medulla by using a stimulated echo-based localization scheme. The principal resonances in the medullary 1H spectrum were residual water (4.7 ppm), lipid (0.9-1.4 ppm), and TMAs (3.25 ppm). The TMA line width was 7-15 Hz before filtering, and the signal-to-noise ratio was 40:1. In four normal volunteers, 15 hr of dehydration led to a significant increase in urine osmolality and decrease in body weight and an increase in medullary TMAs. A subsequent water load [20 ml.(kg of body weight)-1] caused a transient water diuresis, a return to euvolemic body weight, and a significant reduction in medullary TMAs within 4 hr. These results suggest that TMAs may play an osmoregulatory role in the medulla of the normal human kidney.
