Exploring biochar and Moringa oleifera seed proteins for greywater remediation on small farms.

This study investigated the potential of using biochar and Moringa oleifera seed proteins for sustainable greywater treatment in rural Kenya. Greywater samples from washing clothes were collected from households in the Kenyan counties of Kwale and Siaya. Two treatment methods, batch stirring and filtration, were used to assess the effectiveness of using biochar and Moringa oleifera seed protein extract together to treat greywater at a household level. Both methods achieved a significant reduction in contaminants: colour was reduced by up to 43% in Kwale and 67% in Siaya, turbidity decreased by 91-98%, and surfactant levels were lowered by 89-93%. There were increases in total organic carbon and total dissolved solids post-treatment, but both methods effectively reduced levels of phosphates, nitrates and iron. This research highlights the potential of using locally available materials for greywater treatment and provides insights into sustainable water management nature-based solutions in the Global South.

Emission of volatile organic compounds during open fire cooking with wood biomass: Traditional three-stone open fire vs. gasifier cooking stove in rural Kenya.

Cooking with wood biomass fuels releases hazardous air pollutants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), that often disproportionally affect women and children. This study, conducted in Kwale and Siaya counties in Kenya, employed thermal desorption gas chromatography - mass spectrometry to analyse VOC emissions from cooking with a wood biomass three-stone open fire vs. top-lit updraft gasifier stove. In kitchens with adequate ventilation, total VOC levels increased from 35-252 µg∙m-3 before cooking to 2235-5371 µg∙m-3 during open fire cooking, whereas use of a gasifier stove resulted in reduced emissions from cooking by 48-77 % (506-2778 µg∙m-3). However, in kitchens with poor ventilation, there was only a moderate difference in total VOC levels between the two methods of cooking (9034-9378 µg∙m-3 vs. 6727-8201 µg∙m-3 for the three-stone open fire vs. gasifier stove, respectively). Using a non-target screening approach revealed significantly increased levels of VOCs, particularly benzenoids, oxygenated and heterocyclic compounds, when cooking with the traditional open fire, especially in closed kitchens, highlighting the effects of poor ventilation. Key hazardous VOCs included benzene, naphthalene, phenols and furans, suggesting potential health risks from cooking. In kitchens with good ventilation, use of the gasifier stove markedly reduced emissions of these priority toxic VOCs compared to cooking with an open fire. Thus, substituting open fires with gasifier stoves could help to improve household air quality and alleviate health risks. The study revealed that VOCs were present prior to cooking, possibly originating from previously cooked food (buildup) or the outside environment. VOC emissions were also exacerbated by reduced air flow in high humidity during rainfall, suggesting an area for further research. The findings underscore the importance of adopting cleaner cooking technologies and enhancing kitchen ventilation to mitigate the impacts of VOCs in developing countries.

Pilot study of autologous fecal microbiota transplants in nursing home residents: Feasibility and safety.

Introduction: Antibiotic resistant bacterial infections (ARBIs) are extremely common in nursing home residents. These infections typically occur after a course of antibiotics, which eradicate both pathological and beneficial organisms. The eradication of beneficial organisms likely facilitates subsequent ARBIs. Autologous fecal microbiota transplant (aFMT) has been proposed as a potential treatment to reduce ARBIs in nursing home residents. Our objective was to determine the feasibility and safety of aFMT in a nursing home population. Methods: Pilot clinical trial. We evaluated feasibility as total number of stool samples collected for aFMT production and safety as the number and relatedness of serious (SAE) and non-serious adverse events (AE). Results: We screened 468 nursing home residents aged ≥18 years for eligibility; 67 enrolled, distributed among three nursing homes. Participants were 62.7% female and 35.8% Black. Mean age was 82.2 ± 8.5 years. Thirty-three participants underwent successful stool collection. Seven participants received antibiotics; four participants underwent aFMT. There were 40 SAEs (17 deaths) and 11 AEs. In the aFMT group, there were 3 SAEs (2 deaths) and 10 AEs. All SAEs and AEs were judged unrelated to the study intervention. Conclusions: In this pilot study of aFMT in nursing home residents, less than half were able to provide adequate stool samples for aFMT. There were no related SAEs or AEs during the study. In sum, we conclude aFMT has limited feasibility in a nursing home population due to logistic and technical challenges but is likely safe. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03061097.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in a refugee context in East Africa: Kitchen gardening helps with mineral provision.

Kitchen gardening is considered a way to reconnect with agriculture and complement the cereal-based relief food offered to refugees in East Africa. This work aimed at profiling mineral content of okra in four refugee camps and settlements located in Ethiopia and Uganda and its contribution to adequate intake (AIs) or recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for young children and pregnant and lactating women (PLW). The study also evaluated the applicability of portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) as compared with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for mineral profiling of okra powder samples. The contents of minerals (mg kg-1) from the ICP-MS readings were in the following ranges: K (14,385-33,294), Ca (2610-14,090), P (3178-13,248), Mg (3896-7986), Cu (3.81-19.3), Fe (75.7-1243), Zn (33-141) and Mn (23.1-261). Regardless of geographic origin, at low-end consumption probability (17 g day-1 for young children and 68 g day-1 for PLW), okra could contribute ˂ 15% (2.7-12.9%) AI for macro-minerals (K and Ca). In addition, the contributions to RDA values for Fe and Zn, elements of known public health interest, ranged from 4.5 to 34.7% for young children. Interestingly, regression lines revealed strong agreement between ICP-MS and PXRF readings for Mn and Zn, with R2 values > 0.91. This information is useful in support of nutrition-sensitive kitchen gardening programs through scaling culturally important crops in refugee settings. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42452-021-04898-6.

Real or perceived: the environmental health risks of urban sack gardening in Kibera slums of Nairobi, Kenya.

Cities around the world are undergoing rapid urbanization, resulting in the growth of informal settlements or slums. These informal settlements lack basic services, including sanitation, and are associated with joblessness, low-income levels, and insecurity. Families living in such settlements may turn to a variety of strategies to improve their livelihoods and household food security, including urban agriculture. However, given the lack of formal sanitation services in most of these informal settlements, residents are frequently exposed to a number of environmental risks, including biological and chemical contaminants. In the Kibera slums of Nairobi, Kenya, households practice a form of urban agriculture called sack gardening, or vertical gardening, where plants such as kale and Swiss chard are planted into large sacks filled with soil. Given the nature of farming in slum environments, farmers and consumers of this produce in Kibera are potentially exposed to a variety of environmental contaminants due to the lack of formal sanitation systems. Our research demonstrates that perceived and actual environmental risks, in terms of contamination of food crops from sack gardening, are not the same. Farmers perceived exposure to biological contaminants to be the greatest risk to their food crops, but we found that heavy metal contamination was also significant risk. By demonstrating this disconnect between risk perception and actual risk, we wish to inform debates about how to appropriately promote urban agriculture in informal settlements, and more generally about the trade-offs created by farming in urban spaces.