Strengthening laboratory networks in the Central Africa region: A milestone for epidemic preparedness and response.

Background: Health systems in the Central Africa region are among the weakest and least funded in the world. The lack of laboratory networks and adequately trained personnel with clearly defined responsibilities has hampered the implementation of laboratory quality improvement programmes. Global Health Systems Solutions (GHSS) obtained a grant from the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention to develop laboratory networks for disease surveillance and strengthen the quality of laboratory testing in the Central Africa region. Intervention: One year after the grant was awarded on 01 October 2018, GHSS has launched a Regional Integrated Surveillance and Laboratory Network (RISLNET) for Central Africa and developed National Laboratory Strategic Plans and Policies for member states, eight frameworks and guideline documents, as well as a website for RISLNET Central Africa. GHSS has also launched an Extension for Community Health Outcomes platform to supervise laboratories enrolled for accreditation, installed a Basic Laboratory Information System (BLIS) in four laboratories in four member states, and trained 247 laboratory personnel and laboratory experts on BLIS, quality assurance, external quality assurance, Strengthening Laboratory Management Towards Accreditation (SLMTA), quality management systems, and equipment maintenance and calibration. Lessons learnt: Participating laboratories now serve as reference laboratories for COVID-19 testing in various countries. Point-of-care testing, using the GeneXpert platform, has been the central strategy for the scale-up of COVID-19 testing in the Central Africa region. Recommendations: Expanding SLMTA to other laboratories within Central Africa will significantly improve the quality management of laboratories for a better healthcare system.

Viral load testing and the use of test results for clinical decision making for HIV treatment in Cameroon: An insight into the clinic-laboratory interface.

BACKGROUND: The viral load (VL) in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the best predictor of treatment outcome. The anticipated benefits of VL monitoring depend on the actual uptake of VL test results for clinical decisions. The objective of this study was to assess the uptake and utilization of VL test results for clinical decisions on HIV treatment in Cameroon, from 2013 to 2017. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort analysis of data from files of patients receiving ART at Buea, Limbe, Bamenda and Bafoussam regional hospital HIV treatment centers. A simple random pick of six file blocks was performed in each shelf that corresponded to a year of initiation, and the contents of all selected files were reviewed and the information needed for the study entered a structured questionnaire. The data collected was recorded in Epi Info (version 7.1.5.2), and analyzed using SATA (version 12.1; StataCorp LP). RESULTS: Eight hundred and thirty files were reviewed. The mean duration on ART was 39.4±12 months. Viral load testing uptake was 24.33% and only one VL test had been done by all patients. Approximately 65% of the patients did the first VL after more than 24 months on ART. The median turnaround (TAT) time for VL testing was 6 days (Interquartile range (IQR) 3-7days). Among 201 patients who did a VL test, 94.55% had VL suppression (≤1000copies/mm3). Approximately 54% of the patients with virologic failure were switched to a second-line regimen. CONCLUSIONS: The uptake of viral load testing is low in North West, South West and West Regions of Cameroon. The current TAT for VL testing is plausible. The rate of switch to second line regimen is low. It is time to strengthen the scale up of VL testing and improve the rate of switch to second-line regimen in Cameroon.

The Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella Species to Commonly Used Antibiotics in the Bamenda District Health Area; Cameroon

The susceptibility of Salmonella bacteria to commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin; chloramphenicol and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole is threatened by the emergence of resistance strains of Salmonella. A cross-sectional study was carried out from September 2014 to November 2014 in the Regional Hospital Bamenda on individuals presenting with symptoms of salmonellosis. The Salmonellae were isolated from stool by culturing in Salmonella-Shigella Agar and Kliger Iron Agar; the later in which the isolates produced specific biochemical characteristics which were conclusive. They were assessed for antimicrobial susceptibility by the disc diffusion method using Mueller-Hinton Agar following both CLSI and EUCAST manual instructions. A total of 253 samples were collected and 22 cases were positive for Salmonella species with a prevalence of 8.70%. The susceptibility of the isolated Salmonellae to seven antibiotics was noted with ciprofloxacin having an overall sensitivity of 52.38%; ofloxacin; 47.62%; ceftriaxone; 47.62%; and gentamicin; 38.10%. Chloramphenicol had a low sensitivity percentage of 28.57%; while co-trimoxazole and amoxicilin had a high resistance level of 100.00% (0% sensitivity). The fluoroquinolones were found to be the best drugs for the treatment of typhoid; but there was also a noticeable re-emergence of chloramphenicol susceptible Salmonella

Building local human resources to implement SLMTA with limited donor funding: The Ghana experience.

BACKGROUND: In 2009, Ghana adopted the Strengthening Laboratory Management Toward Accreditation (SLMTA) programme in order to improve laboratory quality. The programme was implemented successfully with limited donor funding and local human resources. OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate how Ghana, which received very limited PEPFAR funding, was able to achieve marked quality improvement using local human resources. METHOD: Local partners led the SLMTA implementation and local mentors were embedded in each laboratory. An in-country training-of-trainers workshop was conducted in order to increase the pool of local SLMTA implementers. Three laboratory cohorts were enrolled in SLMTA in 2011, 2012 and 2013. Participants from each cohort attended in a series of three workshops interspersed with improvement projects and mentorship. Supplemental training on internal audit was provided. Baseline, exit and follow-up audits were conducted using the Stepwise Laboratory Quality Improvement Process Towards Accreditation (SLIPTA) checklist. In November 2013, four laboratories underwent official SLIPTA audits by the African Society for Laboratory Medicine (ASLM). RESULTS: The local SLMTA team successfully implemented three cohorts of SLMTA in 15 laboratories. Seven out of the nine laboratories that underwent follow-up audits have reached at least one star. Three out of the four laboratories that underwent official ASLM audits were awarded four stars. Patient satisfaction increased from 25% to 70% and sample rejection rates decreased from 32% to 10%. On average, $40 000 was spent per laboratory to cover mentors' salaries, SLMTA training and improvement project support. CONCLUSION: Building in-country capacity through local partners is a sustainable model for improving service quality in resource-constrained countries such as Ghana. Such models promote country ownership, capacity building and the use of local human resources for the expansion of SLMTA.

HIV Infection among Individuals at the University of Dschang: Prevalence; Awareness; and Sexual Practices

Between September 2009 and October 2010 we conducted a study to determine the HIV prevalence; level of awareness; and sexual practices among students of the University of Dschang; so as to recommend a practical approach to prevention at the institution. HIV testing was carried out using the Determine and Oraquick Diagnostic tests Kits; (Method: As described by the manufacturer) and each respondent completed a questionnaire. Of the 659 respondents; 389 (59) were males and 270 (41) females; of these; 7 (1.1) were confirmed positive by the two tests. All who responded to the questionnaire were aware of the different modes of acquiring HIV-infection; and 137 (56.6) respondents reported heterosexual practice. Compared with the general population; HIV prevalence in this student population is still low and offers an opportunity to develop targeted intervention strategies

The World Health Organization African region laboratory accreditation process: improving the quality of laboratory systems in the African region.

Few developing countries have established laboratory quality standards that are affordable and easy to implement and monitor. To address this challenge, the World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa (WHO AFRO) established a stepwise approach, using a 0- to 5-star scale, to the recognition of evolving fulfillment of the ISO 15189 standard rather than pass-fail grading. Laboratories that fail to achieve an assessment score of at least 55% will not be awarded a star ranking. Laboratories that achieve 95% or more will receive a 5-star rating. This stepwise approach acknowledges to laboratories where they stand, supports them with a series of evaluations to use to demonstrate improvement, and recognizes and rewards their progress. WHO AFRO's accreditation process is not intended to replace established ISO 15189 accreditation schemes, but rather to provide an interim pathway to the realization of international laboratory standards. Laboratories that demonstrate outstanding performance in the WHO-AFRO process will be strongly encouraged to enroll in an established ISO 15189 accreditation scheme. We believe that the WHO-AFRO approach for laboratory accreditation is affordable, sustainable, effective, and scalable.