Developing and Validating an Individual-Level Deprivation Index for Children's Health in France.

BACKGROUND: Deprivation generates many health inequalities. This has to be taken in account to enhance appropriate access to care. This study aimed to develop and validate a pediatric individual-level index measuring deprivation, usable in clinical practice and in public health. METHODS: The French Individual Child Deprivation Index (FrenChILD-Index) was designed in four phases: item generation then reduction using the literature review and expert opinions, and index derivation then validation using a cross-sectional study in two emergency departments. During these last two phases, concordance with a blinded evaluation by an expert enabled us to determine thresholds for two levels of moderate and severe deprivation. RESULTS: The generation and reduction phases retained 13 items. These were administered to 986 children for the derivation and validation phases. In the validation phase, the final 12 items of the FrenChILD-Index showed for moderate deprivation (requiring single specific care for deprived children) a sensitivity of 96.0% [92.6; 98.7] and specificity of 68.3% [65.2; 71.4]. For severe deprivation (requiring a multidisciplinary level of care), the sensitivity was 96.3% [92.7; 100] and specificity was 91.1% [89.2; 92.9]. CONCLUSIONS: The FrenChILD-Index is the first pediatric individual-level index of deprivation validated in Europe. It enables clinical practice to address the social determinants of health and meet public health goals.

Real-Time Measurement of Crowding in Pediatric Emergency Department: Derivation and Validation Using Consensual Perception of Crowding (SOTU-PED).

ABSTRACT: Our study aimed to develop and validate a real-time crowding composite scale for pediatric emergency department (PED). The study took place in one teaching PED for 2 months. The outcome was the perception of crowding evaluated by triage nurses and pediatricians on a 10-level Likert scale. Triage nurses evaluated crowding at each moment of a child's admission and pediatrician at each moment of a child's discharge. The outcome was the hourly mean of all evaluations of crowding (hourly crowding perception). For analysis, originally, we only selected hours during which more than 2 nurses and more than 2 pediatricians evaluated crowding and, moreover, during which evaluations were the most consensual. As predictors, we used hourly means of 10 objective crowding indicators previously selected as consensual in a published French national Delphi study and collected automatically in our software system. The model (SOTU-PED) was developed over a 1-month data set using a backward multivariable linear regression model. Then, we applied the SOTU-PED model on a 1-month validation data set. During the study period, 7341 children were admitted in the PED. The outcome was available for 1352/1392 hours, among which 639 were included in the analysis as "consensual hours." Five indicators were included in the final model, the SOTU-PED (R2 = 0.718). On the validation data set, the correlation between the outcome (perception of crowding) and the SOTU-PED was 0.824. To predict crowded hours (hourly crowding perception >5), the area under the curve was 0.957 (0.933-0.980). The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 8.16 (3.82-17.43) and 0.153 (0.111-0.223), respectively. Using a simple model, it is possible to estimate in real time how crowded a PED is.

Impact of Viral Seasonal Outbreaks on Crowding and Health Care Quality in Pediatric Emergency Departments.

ABSTRACT: In pediatric emergency departments (PEDs), seasonal viral outbreaks are believed to be associated with an increase of workload, but no quantification of this impact has been published. A retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to measure this impact on crowding and health care quality in PED. The study was performed in 1 PED for 3 years. Visits related to bronchiolitis, influenza, and gastroenteritis were defined using discharge diagnoses. The daily epidemic load (DEL) was the proportion of visits related to one of these diagnoses. The daily mean of 8 crowding indicators (selected in a published Delphi study) was used. A total of 93,976 children were admitted (bronchiolitis, 2253; influenza, 1277; gastroenteritis, 7678). The mean DEL was 10.4% (maximum, 33.6%). The correlation between the DEL and each indicator was significant. The correlation was stronger for bronchiolitis (Pearson R from 0.171 for number of hospitalization to 0.358 for length of stay). Between the first and fourth quartiles of the DEL, a significant increase, between 50% (patients left without being seen) and 8% (patient physician ratio), of all the indicators was observed. In conclusion, seasonal viral outbreaks have a strong impact on crowding and quality of care. The evolution of "patients left without being seen" between the first and fourth quartiles of DEL could be used as an indicator reflecting the capacity of adaptation of an emergency department to outbreaks.

Real-time estimation of inpatient beds required in emergency departments.

BACKGROUND: Long boarding time in emergency department (ED) leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Prediction of admissions upon triage could improve ED care efficiency and decrease boarding time. OBJECTIVE: To develop a real-time automated model (MA) to predict admissions upon triage and compare this model with triage nurse prediction (TNP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in four EDs during 1 month. MA used only variables available upon triage and included in the national French Electronic Emergency Department Abstract. For each patient, the triage nurse assessed the hospitalization risk on a 10-point Likert scale. Performances of MA and TNP were compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves, the accuracy, and the daily and hourly mean difference between predicted and observed number of admission. RESULTS: A total of 11 653 patients visited the EDs, and 19.5-24.7% were admitted according to the emergency. The area under the curves (AUCs) of TNP [0.815 (0.805-0.826)] and MA [0.815 (0.805-0.825)] were similar. Across EDs, the AUCs of TNP were significantly different (P < 0.001) in all EDs, whereas AUCs of MA were all similar (P>0.2). Originally, using daily and hourly aggregated data, the percentage of errors concerning the number of predicted admission were 8.7 and 34.4%, respectively, for MA and 9.9 and 35.4%, respectively, for TNP. CONCLUSION: A simple model using variables available in all EDs in France performed well to predict admission upon triage. However, when analyzed at an hourly level, it overestimated the number of inpatient beds needed by a third. More research is needed to define adequate use of these models.

Use of epinephrine in emergency department depends on anaphylaxis severity in children.

Despite multiple recommendations, intramuscular epinephrine is poorly prescribed in emergency department receiving pediatric anaphylaxis. To evaluate the role of severity symptoms on this use, we included all admissions for a diagnosis linked to possible allergy in the two pediatric emergency departments of our institution between January 2010 and December 2015. Selection and analysis were restricted to children under 18 years fulfilling Sampson's criteria for anaphylaxis. We retrospectively ranked these admissions with the Ring and Messmer anaphylaxis severity score and compared the use of epinephrine according to this classification. Among 422,483 admissions, 204 (0.05%) fulfilled the anaphylaxis criteria (170 (83.3%) grade II anaphylaxis, and 34 (16.7%) grade III; mean age 7.9 years). Previous allergy, anaphylaxis, and asthma were found in respectively 60.8%, 36.8%, and 35.1%. Food allergy was the main suspected causal trigger. Epinephrine was used in 32.7% (n = 65/199), before admission (11.4% (n = 23/201)) or in the emergency department (22.2% (n = 45/202)). Epinephrine was more frequently prescribed in grade III than in grade II anaphylaxis (84.8% vs 22.3%, p < 0.001; OR = 19.05 [7.05-54.10]). Upon discharge, epinephrine auto-injectors prescription and allergy referral were rare (31.7% and 44.2%).Conclusion: Pediatricians intuitively adapt their epinephrine use to the severity of the anaphylaxis and contribute to epinephrine underuse in pediatric anaphylaxis. What is known: • Intramuscular epinephrine is the recommended treatment for pediatric anaphylaxis. However, most of the European and North-American studies show a low prescription rate of epinephrine in both prehospital and pediatric emergency department management. • Reasons for such a low prescription rate are unknown. What is new: • This study confirms that intramuscular epinephrine is poorly prescribed in pediatric anaphylaxis (about one case among 10 before admission and one among 5 in pediatric emergency departments). • Despite recommendations, pediatricians intuitively adapt their prescription to the clinical severity of anaphylaxis, with a fourfold increase prescription in grade III compared to grade II anaphylaxis. This medical behavior ascertainment may be in part explained by the delay between the ED admission/management and the anaphylactic episode onset.

Which indicators to include in a crowding scale in an emergency department? A national French Delphi study.

BACKGROUND: Emergency department (ED) crowding is a serious international public health issue with a negative impact on quality of care. Despite two decades of research, there is no consensus on the indicators used to quantify crowding. The aim of our study was to select the most valid ED crowding indicators. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Delphi method was used. Selected indicators originated from a literature review and propositions from FEDORU (National Emergency Department Observatory Network) workgroup. Selected national experts were emergency physicians with a special interest in ED crowding. They had to assess each indicator in terms of validity out of a Likert scale from 1 to 9. Indicators withdrawal criteria after each round (consensus) were over 70% of answers of at least 7 with interquartile range less than 3 (positive consensus) or over 70% of answers of at least 4 and interquartile range less than 3 (negative consensus). The decision to stop the delphi procedure was based on the stability of answers between the rounds. RESULTS: 41 (89.13%) experts answered the first round and 37 (80.43%) answered the second round. Among the 57 indicators included, 15 reached consensus: four input indicators, six throughput and five output ones. For those three categories of at least 7 answers rates were, respectively, 80.9, 76.9 and 75.0%. Five indicators were deducible from the mandatory Emergency Department Discharge Summary. They obtained 80.2% of at least 7 answers. CONCLUSION: Our study results enable the construction and validation of a crowding measuring tool from indicators approved by experts. It is necessary to further reflect about ED crowding as a concept and what is expected from a complex score.

City housing atmospheric pollutant impact on emergency visit for asthma: A classification and regression tree approach.

INTRODUCTION: Particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone are recognized as the three pollutants that most significantly affect human health. Asthma is a multifactorial disease. However, the place of residence has rarely been investigated. We compared the impact of air pollution, measured near patients' homes, on emergency department (ED) visits for asthma or trauma (controls) within the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region. METHODS: Variables were selected using classification and regression trees on asthmatic and control population, 3-99 years, visiting ED from January 1 to December 31, 2013. Then in a nested case control study, randomization was based on the day of ED visit and on defined age groups. Pollution, meteorological, pollens and viral data measured that day were linked to the patient's ZIP code. RESULTS: A total of 794,884 visits were reported including 6250 for asthma and 278,192 for trauma. Factors associated with an excess risk of emergency visit for asthma included short-term exposure to NO2, female gender, high viral load and a combination of low temperature and high humidity. CONCLUSION: Short-term exposures to high NO2 concentrations, as assessed close to the homes of the patients, were significantly associated with asthma-related ED visits in children and adults.

Air pollution and children's asthma-related emergency hospital visits in southeastern France.

Children's asthma is multifactorial. Environmental factors like air pollution exposure, meteorological conditions, allergens, and viral infections are strongly implicated. However, place of residence has rarely been investigated in connection with these factors. The primary aim of our study was to measure the impact of particulate matter (PM), assessed close to the children's homes, on asthma-related pediatric emergency hospital visits within the Bouches-du-Rhône area in 2013. In a nested case-control study on 3- to 18-year-old children, each control was randomly matched on the emergency room visit day, regardless of hospital. Each asthmatic child was compared to 15 controls. PM10 and PM2.5, meteorological conditions, pollens, and viral data were linked to ZIP code and analyzed by purpose of emergency visit. A total of 68,897 visits were recorded in children, 1182 concerning asthma. Short-term exposure to PM10 measured near children's homes was associated with excess risk of asthma emergency visits (adjusted odds ratio 1.02 (95% CI 1.01-1.04; p = 0.02)). Male gender, young age, and temperature were other risk factors. Conversely, wind speed was a protective factor. CONCLUSION: PM10 and certain meteorological conditions near children's homes increased the risk of emergency asthma-related hospital visits in 3- to 18-year-old children in Bouches-du-Rhône. What is Known: • A relationship between short-term exposure to air pollution and increase in emergency room visits or hospital admissions as a result of increased pollution levels has already been demonstrated. What is New: • This study confirms these results but took into account confounding factors (viral data, pollens, and meteorological conditions) and is based on estimated pollution levels assessed close to the children's homes, rather than those recorded at the hospital. • The study area, the Mediterranean, is favorable to creation of secondary pollutants in these sunny and dry seasons.

Evaluation of the Impact of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia Using an Emergency Database System.

BACKGROUND.: A 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) seems to be associated with a reduction of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children. METHODS.: To explore the link between PCV13 implementation and children' visits in emergency departments (EDs) for pneumonia, we analyzed mandatory Electronics Emergency Department Abstracts (EEDA), in 7 EDs, located in southern France, from 2009 to 2014. Diagnosis related to visits were coded using International Classification Diseases-10 codes. All codes available for EEDA were used to define bacterial pneumonia (BP), viral pneumonia (VP), and nonspecific pneumonia (NSP). For adjustment, we also used codes related to influenza and bronchiolitis. Comparisons between periods (pre-PCV13, transitional, early post-PCV13, and late post-PCV13) were made by logistic regression. On daily aggregated data, a general linear model was constructed with daily proportion of BP as dependent variable, period as fixed factor, and daily proportion of viral respiratory infections (flu plus bronchiolitis) as covariate. RESULTS.: Among 718 758 visits, 7284 were coded as CAP. A significant decline in CAP was noted only for children between 2 and 5 years of age. In contrast, the proportion of BP was dramatically reduced: 2.49 vs 5.17/1000 visits (odds ratio, 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.55), whereas the proportion of VP was similar and NSP increased. After adjustment on influenza plus bronchiolitis, the decrease of BP remained significant. CONCLUSIONS.: Electronics Emergency Department Abstracts analysis confirms an important reduction in children ED visits for BP after PCV13 implementation. The EEDA also allow a real-time surveillance of pneumonia and an adjustment on confounding factors, such as viral respiratory infections.

High Prevalence of Mycoplasma faucium DNA in the Human Oropharynx.

Mycoplasma faucium has recently been associated with brain abscesses and seems to originate from the mouth. We evaluated its prevalence by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in the oropharynxes of 644 subjects and found that 25% harbored M. faucium, probably constituting the gateway for entrance of the bacteria into cerebral abscesses.

Family compliance with counseling for children traveling to the tropics.

BACKGROUND: The number of people, both adults and children, traveling abroad, is on the rise. Some seek counseling at travel medicine centers before departure. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted among children <16 years visiting a travel medicine center in Marseille, France, from February 2010 to February 2011. Parents were contacted by telephone 4 weeks after their return, and asked about compliance with pre-travel advice. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-seven children were evaluated after their trip. Compliance with immunizations, malaria chemoprophylaxis, and food-borne disease prevention was 71, 66, and 31%, respectively. Compliance with malaria chemoprophylaxis varied significantly with destination, and was higher for African destinations. Significant features associated with poor compliance with chemoprophylaxis were a trip to Asia or the Indian Ocean, age <5 years, and a monoparental family. Compliance with prevention of food- and water-borne diseases was higher in children < 2 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: A ≥ 80% compliance with pre-travel counseling in children traveling overseas was achieved only for drinking bottled water, using repellents, a routine vaccine update, and yellow fever immunization.

Revolutionizing clinical microbiology laboratory organization in hospitals with in situ point-of-care.

BACKGROUND: Clinical microbiology may direct decisions regarding hospitalization, isolation and anti-infective therapy, but it is not effective at the time of early care. Point-of-care (POC) tests have been developed for this purpose. METHODS AND FINDINGS: One pilot POC-lab was located close to the core laboratory and emergency ward to test the proof of concept. A second POC-lab was located inside the emergency ward of a distant hospital without a microbiology laboratory. Twenty-three molecular and immuno-detection tests, which were technically undemanding, were progressively implemented, with results obtained in less than four hours. From 2008 to 2010, 51,179 tests yielded 6,244 diagnoses. The second POC-lab detected contagious pathogens in 982 patients who benefited from targeted isolation measures, including those undertaken during the influenza outbreak. POC tests prevented unnecessary treatment of patients with non-streptococcal tonsillitis (n = 1,844) and pregnant women negative for Streptococcus agalactiae carriage (n = 763). The cerebrospinal fluid culture remained sterile in 50% of the 49 patients with bacterial meningitis, therefore antibiotic treatment was guided by the molecular tests performed in the POC-labs. With regard to enterovirus meningitis, the mean length-of-stay of infected patients over 15 years old significantly decreased from 2008 to 2010 compared with 2005 when the POC was not in place (1.43±1.09 versus 2.91±2.31 days; p = 0.0009). Altogether, patients who received POC tests were immediately discharged nearly thrice as often as patients who underwent a conventional diagnostic procedure. CONCLUSIONS: The on-site POC-lab met physicians' needs and influenced the management of 8% of the patients that presented to emergency wards. This strategy might represent a major evolution of decision-making regarding the management of infectious diseases and patient care.

Mefloquine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children.

BACKGROUND: Children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum imported malaria are treated with various antimalarial regimens including mefloquine depending on national guidelines. Little is known regarding mefloquine treatment efficacy in this setting. METHODS: In this prospective study, children 3 months to 16 years of age admitted in a tertiary hospital emergency ward in France with uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria were treated with oral mefloquine. Each dose was given with an antiemetic. RESULTS: Between 2004 and 2009, 95 children were evaluated. In all, 94% had traveled in the Indian Ocean region (Comoros and Madagascar); 79% used a malaria chemoprophylaxis, but none was fully compliant with World Health Organization recommended regimens. Main clinical features at admission were fever (91%), vomiting (44%), and headaches (44%). Hemoglobin < 80 g/L and platelets <100 G/L were observed in 16% and 17%, respectively. All children were initially cured by mefloquine, and no relapse was noted within 45 days after admission. One Plasmodium vivax relapse occurred 6 months later. Vomiting within 1 hour after dosing occurred in 20% of children. Significant features associated with early vomiting by univariate analysis were a weight ≤ 15 kg, C-reactive protein ≥ 50 mg/L, and parasitemia ≥ 1%, but only low weight was significant by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Mefloquine is an effective treatment for uncomplicated imported P. falciparum malaria in children returning from countries with low mefloquine resistance. Early vomiting after mefloquine dosing is frequent, especially in children < 15 kg of weight, but a second dose can be given successfully.

[Children immunization in France: an update]. / Actualités des vaccinations chez l'enfant.

Vaccines are essential to prevent, control (as for poliomyelitis) or eradicate (as for smallpox) infectious diseases. In some cases, when a curative treatment is not available or efficient, they are the only way to fight the spread of the disease, by prevention. The national recommended childhood immunization schedule may vary each year and in each country (changes in infections characters, outbreaks, new vaccines availability...). In this review, new patterns in childhood vaccination in France are discussed.