ABSTRACT
Objective Cognitive dysfunction is common in multiple sclerosis. The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB-N) was developed to assess cognitive functions most-frequently impaired in multiple sclerosis. However, normative values are lacking in Brazil. Therefore, we aimed to provide continuous and discrete normative values for the BRB-N in a Brazilian population sample. Methods We recruited 285 healthy individuals from the community at 10 Brazilian sites and applied the BRB-N version A in 237 participants and version B in 48 participants. Continuous norms were calculated with multiple-regression analysis. Results Mean raw scores and the 5th percentile for each neuropsychological measure are provided, stratified by age and educational level. Healthy participants' raw scores were converted to scaled scores, which were regressed on age, sex and education, yielding equations that can be used to calculate predicted scores. Conclusion Our normative data allow a more widespread use of the BRB-N in clinical practice and research.
Subject(s)
Cognition/physiology , Neuropsychological Tests/standards , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Brazil , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis , Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology , Educational Status , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology , Reference Standards , Reference Values , Regression Analysis , Reproducibility of Results , Sex Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Young AdultABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective Cognitive dysfunction is common in multiple sclerosis. The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB-N) was developed to assess cognitive functions most-frequently impaired in multiple sclerosis. However, normative values are lacking in Brazil. Therefore, we aimed to provide continuous and discrete normative values for the BRB-N in a Brazilian population sample. Methods We recruited 285 healthy individuals from the community at 10 Brazilian sites and applied the BRB-N version A in 237 participants and version B in 48 participants. Continuous norms were calculated with multiple-regression analysis. Results Mean raw scores and the 5th percentile for each neuropsychological measure are provided, stratified by age and educational level. Healthy participants' raw scores were converted to scaled scores, which were regressed on age, sex and education, yielding equations that can be used to calculate predicted scores. Conclusion Our normative data allow a more widespread use of the BRB-N in clinical practice and research.
RESUMO Objetivo Disfunção cognitiva é comum em pacientes com esclerose múltipla. Por isto, a Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB-N) foi desenvolvida para avaliar as funções cognitivas mais frequentemente alteradas na doença. Entretanto, estão faltando dados normativos desta bateria no Brasil. Assim, nosso objetivo foi fornecer valores normativos contínuos e discretos da BRB-N para a população brasileira. Métodos Foram recrutados 285 indivíduos sadios da comunidade em 10 centros do Brasil e aplicada a versão A em 237 e a versão B em 48 sujeitos. Normas contínuas foram calculadas com análise de regressão múltipla. Resultados Escores brutos médios e 5°percentil para cada subteste são fornecidos, estratificados por idade e nível educacional. Os escores brutos dos sujeitos sadios foram convertidos em escores de escalas e postos em regressão quanto a idade, sexo e educação, fornecendo equações que podem ser usadas para calcular escores previsíveis. Conclusão Nossos dados normativos permitem um uso mais amplo da BRB-N na prática clínica e na pesquisa, fornecendo normas para dados discretos e contínuos. Normas para dados discretos deveriam ser usadas com cuidado e escores demograficamente ajustados são geralmente preferidos quando interpretando dados neuropsicológicos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Cognition/physiology , Neuropsychological Tests/standards , Reference Standards , Reference Values , Brazil , Sex Factors , Regression Analysis , Reproducibility of Results , Age Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Educational Status , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis , Cognitive Dysfunction/physiopathology , Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the leading causes of neurologic deficits in young adults and can lead to physical, intellectual and emotional problems. Approved treatments are expensive and are among the 10 highest budgets of the Brazilian Health Ministry. Given the diverse prevalence of MS among Brazilian regions, it is important to determine prevalence rates across the country. Seven studies have assessed MS in Brazil and reported rates ranging from 15 cases to 18 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. It has been hypothesized that this rate is even higher in southern Brazil, which has a high proportion of European heritage (mostly German and Italian) immigrants. Here, we report that the prevalence of MS in the city of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, is 27.2 cases/100,000 inhabitants.
Subject(s)
Multiple Sclerosis/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Prevalence , White People , Young AdultABSTRACT
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the leading causes of neurologic deficits in young adults and can lead to physical, intellectual and emotional problems. Approved treatments are expensive and are among the 10 highest budgets of the Brazilian Health Ministry. Given the diverse prevalence of MS among Brazilian regions, it is important to determine prevalence rates across the country. Seven studies have assessed MS in Brazil and reported rates ranging from 15 cases to 18 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. It has been hypothesized that this rate is even higher in southern Brazil, which has a high proportion of European heritage (mostly German and Italian) immigrants. Here, we report that the prevalence of MS in the city of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, is 27.2 cases/100,000 inhabitants.
Esclerose múltipla (EM) é uma das principais causas de déficit neurológico em adultos jovens, causando problemas físicos, intelectuais e emocionais. Os tratamentos aprovados estão entre os 10 maiores gastos do Ministério da Saúde em nosso país. O conhecimento da prevalência da doença nas diversas regiões brasileiras torna-se essencial. Há sete estudos de prevalência realizados no Brasil, com taxas variando desde 15/100.000 até 18/100.000. Há expectativa de que o sul do Brasil – devido à imigração européia (a maioria alemães e italianos) possa ter taxas até maiores do que 18/100.000. Este estudo mostrou que a prevalência de EM na cidade de Santa Maria, Brasil, é de 27,2/100.000.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Multiple Sclerosis/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , White People , PrevalenceABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Interferon (IFN) beta is a safe and efficient drug for treating multiple sclerosis (MS). It is widely accepted that previously depressed patients may get worse when using IFN-beta. There are few reports on the association of IFN-beta and severe depression among patients without previous psychiatric history. METHODS: Discussion of a case of a patient with MS who developed severe depression and attempted suicide while using IFN-beta encouraged us to review the subject. A group of neurologists in Brazil retrospectively gathered together their similar cases for the present paper. RESULTS: The present paper reports on 11 cases of severe depression with suicide attempts or ideation among patients with MS who were using IFN-beta. These patients had no previous history of any psychiatric disease. Nine patients developed the symptoms over a relatively short period (4 months, on average). Two patients developed severe depression after more than 1 year of treatment with IFN-beta. Phobic, aggressive, behavioral, psychotic, and manic symptoms also were observed in these patients, thus suggesting the existence of a complex mood-behavior disorder associated with this drug. Interferon beta withdrawal led to complete remission of symptoms. The Naranjo algorithm established a highly probable association between IFN-beta and this adverse reaction in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although uncommon, severe depression with suicide ideation or attempts may be observed during treatment of MS with IFN-beta. This association should not discourage the use of this drug, but physicians need to be aware of this possible adverse event from IFN-beta.
