Transporte ativo no trajeto escolar: uma revisão integrativa / Active transport at the school path: an integrative review

o transporte ativo pode ser uma oportunidade para desenvolver comportamentos mais saudáveis na vida das crianças e jovens. O presente estudo busca identificar barreiras e facilitadores desse comportamento, bem como suas interfaces com a saúde dos escolares por meio de revisão de literatura. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura realizada nas bases eletrônicas BVS, Scielo e periódico Capes, utilizando os descritores mobilidade, transporte, deslocamento, ativo, sustentável, estudantes, escolares e trajeto escolar em português, inglês e espanhol. Foram incluídos estudos realizados nas Américas e publicados nos últimos cinco anos. Os 16 artigos selecionados foram desenvolvidos no Brasil, Canadá, México e Estados Unidos, sendo que a maioria deriva de pesquisas mais amplas. Os resultados indicam que a prevalência de transporte ativo no trajeto escolar variou entre 10% nos Estados Unidos e 76% no Brasil. Alguns facilitadores desse comportamento foram: pais que utilizam transporte ativo; expectativa dos pais; percepção dos pais sobre boa estrutura e segurança; crianças mais velhas, sem veículos, de grandes cidades, com menor satisfação familiar, com maior número de dias fisicamente ativos; ser homem; presença de adulto e clima. Algumas barreiras foram: distâncias; maior idade, nível de escolaridade da mãe e classe econômica; maior tempo de trabalho dos pais; posse de veículo; zona urbana; bullying; muita coisa para carregar, ausência de árvore, criminalidade; presença de animais vadios e ter etnia latina. A interface do transporte ativo no trajeto escolar com a saúde foi reportada com o nível de atividade física, obesidade/sobrepeso (saúde individual) e barreiras e facilitadores a esse tipo de deslocamento (saúde ambiental). Considerando que atitudes cultivadas na infância têm grandes chances de permanecer na vida adulta, o transporte ativo no trajeto escolar pode ser uma estratégia na criação de hábitos saudáveis e sustentáveis que contribuam para melhor qualidade de vida, desde que se considerem seus determinantes e condicionantes...(AU)

the active transport can be an opportunity to develop healthier beh av iors in t h e lives of children and young people. The present study seeks to identify barriers and facilitators of this behavior, as well as their interfaces with the students' health through a literature review. It is an integrative literature review carried out on the electronic databases BVS, Scielo and Capes periodical, using the descriptors of mobility, transport, displacement, active, sustainable, students, school and schoo l p ath in Po rtuguese, English and Spanish. Studies carried out in the Americas and published in the last five years were included. The 16 selected papers were developed in Brazil, Canada, Mexico and the United States, with most of them deriving from broader researches. The results obtained reveal t he p revalence of active transport in school path varied between 10% in the United States and 76% in Brazil. Some facilitators of this behavior were: parents or adults who use active transport; parental expectation; parents' perception of good structure and safety; older children, without vehicles, large cities, with less family satisfaction, with more days of physical activities; be a man; adult presence and climate. Some barriers were: dist an ces; older age, mother's education level and economic class; longer working time for parents; vehicle ownership; urban area; bullying; a lot to carry, few trees, crime; presence of stray anim als and having Latin ethnicity. The interface between active transport in the school path and health was rep o rted as the level of hysical activity, obesity/overweight (individual health) and barriers and facilitators to this type of displacement (environmental health). Considering that attitudes cultivated in childhood are very likely to remain in adulthood, active transportation on the school path can be a strategy in creating h ealthy and sustainable habits that contribute to a better quality of life, as long as its determinants and condit ions are considered...(AU)

Atividade física em populações rurais do Brasil: uma revisão da literatura / Physical activity in rural populations of Brazil: a review of literature

A presente revisão sintetizou evidências sobre a prática de atividade física e fatores associados em populações rurais brasileiras. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados PubMed, Scielo, Scopus e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde no período de 2008 a 2018. Foram incluídos artigos originais, em idiomas: inglês e/ou português, realizados com populações rurais. A análise final foi composta por 17 artigos. Desses, 36% são provenientes de pesquisas realizadas na região nordeste, 29% na região sudeste, 29% na região sul, 6% na região norte; não havendo registro de pesquisa realizada na região centro-oeste do país. A maioria das publicações ocorreu a partir do ano de 2014 (82%). As vidências revelaram elevadas frequências de insuficientemente ativos entre as populações rurais (de 13 a 77%), especialmente no domínio lazer, independentemente da faixa etária. As maiores frequências de suficientemente ativos foram nos domínios trabalho, deslocamento e domicílio, com diferenças por sexo. A atividade física foi positivamente associada aos fatores de saúde: estado nutricional, aspectos cognitivos, qualidade de vida, capacidade funcional, autopercepção de saúde e as doenças crônicas. Em relação às características metodológicas, as pesquisas analisadas eram quantitativas, transversais e utilizaram questionários. Para além dos impactos fisiológicos atrelados ao gasto energético total, deve-se questionar se a atividade física no trabalho, deslocamento e domicílio, muitas vezes realizados em condições adversas, também promove saúde. A incorporação de outros referenciais teóricos as pesquisas, como o da epidemiologia crítica, delineamentos mais robustos e metodologias qualitativas podem ampliar a compreensão da atividade física no contexto de vida das populações rurais...(AU)

The present review synthesized evidence on the practice of physical activity and associated factors in Brazilian rural populations. The searches were carried out in the PubMed, Scielo, Scopus and Virtual Health Library databases from 2008 to 2018. Original articles were included in English and / or Portuguese, with rural populations. The final analysis consisted of 17 articles. Of these, 36% were performed in the northeast region, 29% in the southeast region, 29% in the southern region, 6% in the northern region, and no study was conducted in the central-western region of the country. Most of the publications occurred in 2014 (82%). Evidence revealed a high frequency of insufficiently active among rural populations (from 13 to 77%), especially in the leisure domain, regardless of age. The most frequent frequencies of sufficient active were in the domains work, displacement and domicile, with differences by sex. Physical activity was positively associated with health factors: nutritional status, cognitive aspects, quality of life, functional capacity, self-perception of health and chronic diseases. Regarding the methodological characteristics, the analyzed studies were quantitative, transversal and used questionnaires. In addition to the physiological impacts linked to total energy expenditure, one must question whether physical activity at work, displacement and domicile, often performed in adverse conditions, also promotes health. The incorporation of other theoretical references to studies, such as critical epidemiology, more robust delineations and qualitative methodologies can broaden the understanding of physical activity in the life context of rural populations...(AU)

Diabetes education program with emphasis on physical exercise in subjects with type 2 diabetes: a community-based quasi-experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) requires permanent multidisciplinary treatment. This study investigated the effects of an educational program with emphasis on physical exercise on biological health markers of subjects with type 2 DM (T2DM). METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental study with subjects who attended a diabetes education program over one year. At the beginning, middle and end of the annual cycle, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile and anthropometry were measured. The program offered two hours of educational and exercise interventions twice a week. Before and after each session capillary blood glucose (BG) was measured. Statistical analysis used Pearson's χ2, paired t, ANOVA-RM and MANOVA tests to compare results with significance levels set at P<0.05. RESULTS: Data of 103 subjects (73% women) were analyzed. Mean age was 64.1±10.8 years and 23% of participants were on insulin therapy. As an acute effect mean BG decreased significantly (P<0.001) from 157.5±61.5 mg/dL to 128.5±47.5 mg/dL after the intervention sessions, also resulting in increased prevalence of normoglycemic BG (from 44.0% to 68.6%). Chronic effects of participation in the program could be perceived through significant reduction (P<0.05) from beginning to end of the study of mean BG (from 144.8±5.0 mg/dL to 135.3±3.1 mg/dL), HbA1c (from 7.3±1.3% to 7.1±1.0%) and triglycerides (from 177.9±121.3 mg/dL to 150.5±130.9 mg/dL). There were no significant changes in anthropometric variables. CONCLUSIONS: A diabetes education program with emphasis on supervised physical exercise improved triglycerides and glycemic control in subjects with T2DM.

Barreiras percebidas e etapas de mudança de comportamento relacionadas à prática de atividade física em professores de escolas públicas / Perceived barriers and stages of behavior change related to physical activity in public school teachers

A atividade física está relacionada com a prevenção de doenças que tem ocorrido em parcelas importantes da sociedade; a escola é o ambiente propício para ações de saúde relacionada a atividade física, o professor pode servir de modelo para os mais jovens e ter a saúde beneficiada através de hábitos saudáveis. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar as barreiras e etapas de mudança do comportamento relacionado à atividade física em professores de escolas públicas do Distrito Federal. Três escolas de ensino fundamental de Santa Maria-DF foram escolhidas por conveniência. Para verificação das barreiras e etapas de mudança de comportamento foi utilizado questionário. Para a análise de dados foram empregados a estatística descritiva, o teste “t” para amostras independentes nas comparações da média de idade por sexo e qui-quadrado para diferenças nas proporções das respostas por sexo. A amostra composta por 53 professores com idade média (desvio padrão) 38,9 (8,5) anos de idade. Nas etapas de comportamento para atividade física, ocorreram diferenças por sexo (p<0,05) com 47,8% dos homens e 20% das mulheres sendo classificados como ativos. As barreiras mais apontadas como impeditivas ou dificultadoras da prática de atividade física foram: falta de tempo, principal motivo para ambos os sexos; falta de auto-disciplina, segundo motivo para as mulheres e terceiro para os homens; falta de equipamentos, segundo motivo para os homens; e falta de companhia, terceiro motivo para as mulheres. Os três principais motivos que nunca afetam a prática de atividade física foram: lesão ou incapacidade, medo de lesão, e falta de boa saúde, para ambos os sexos. Diferenças por sexo para o comportamento de atividade física foram observados. A falta de tempo foi considerada a maior barreira para ambos os sexos.

Physical activity is related to disease prevention and has occurred in major portions of society, school is the environment for health actions related to physical activity, the teacher can serve as a model for the younger and health benefited through healthy habits. The objective of this study is to identify the barriers and stages of behavior change related to physical activity in public school teachers in the Federal District. Materials and methods: Three elementary schools of Santa Maria-DF were chosen for convenience. For verification of the barriers and stages of behavior change questionnaire was used. For data analysis descriptive statistics were used, the "t" test for independent samples when comparing the mean age by sex, chi-square test for differences in the proportions of responses by sex. The sample comprised 53 teachers with a mean age (SD) 38.9 (8.5) years of age. Stages of behavior for physical activity, there were differences by gender (p <0.05) with 47.8% of men were classified as assets and 20% of women. The most frequently mentioned barriers to impede or complicate the practice of physical activity were lack of time, the main reason for both sexes, lack of self-discipline, reason for the second and third women to men, lack of equipment, the second reason for men, and lack of companionship, the thirdreason for the women. The three main reasons that never affect the practice of physical activity were:injury or disability, fear of injury and lack of good health for both sexes. Differences by gender for the behavior of physical activity were observed. Lack of time was considered the biggest barrier to both sexes.

Assessment of nutrient and water intake among adolescents from sports federations in the Federal District, Brazil.

Adolescents aged 11-14 years (n 326), belonging to organized sports federations in the Federal District, Brazil were interviewed. Subjects (n 107) provided four non-consecutive days of food consumption and 219 subjects provided two non-consecutive days of intake. The objective was to assess their nutrient and water intake according to dietary reference intake values and their energy and macronutrient intake by sex and sports groups they were engaged in: endurance, strength-skill or mixed, according to the guidelines established by the American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM). Dietary data were corrected for intra-individual variation. Total energy expenditure was higher among endurance athletes (P < 0.001) following their higher training time (P < 0.001) when compared to adolescents engaged in strength-skill or mixed sports. Total energy intake was only significantly higher among endurance-engaged females (P = 0.05). Protein intake of males was above the guidelines established by the ACSM for all sports groups. All male sport groups fulfilled the intake levels of carbohydrate per kg body weight but only females engaged in endurance sports fulfilled carbohydrate guidelines. Intakes of micronutrients with low prevalence of adequate intake were: vitamins B1, E and folate, magnesium and phosphorus. Few adolescents ( < 5 %) presented adequate intake for calcium, fibre, drinking water and beverages. For micronutrients, prevalence of adequacies were lower for females than males, except for liquids and water. Nutrition guidance is needed to help adolescents fulfil specific guidelines of macronutrient intake for their sports and to improve their intake of micronutrients and water. Special attention should be given to female adolescent athletes.

Nutritional status of endurance athletes: what is the available information?

Nutritional status is a critical determinant of athletic performance. We question whether currently available studies can give adequate information on nutritional status of endurance athletes. This paper is a critical review of articles published from 1989 to 2003 that investigate nutritional status of endurance athletes. The terms, "nutrition", "diet", or "nutrient", were combined with "endurance athletes" to perform Medline and Pubmed electronic database searches. Two inclusion criteria were considered: (a) study subjects should be adults and (b) articles should report gender-specific values for total energy expenditure and intake of energy, macro and micronutrient from food. Only seven studies fulfilled inclusion criteria. In general, the conclusions of these studies are that endurance athletes have negative energy balance, low intake of carbohydrate, adequate to high intake of protein, and high intake of fat. A critical discussion of the articles' data on vitamins, minerals and trace elements adequacy is conducted using insights and methodology proposed by the newly published assessment and interpretation of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). The studies evaluated give an inappropriate evaluation of the prevalence of adequacy/inadequacy of micronutrient intake among endurance athletes. In this work we indicate potential limitations of existing nutritional data, which reflects the misconceptions found in published literature on nutritional group evaluation. This review stresses the need for a comprehensive and well-conducted nutrition assessment planning to fulfill the existing gap in reliable information about micronutrient adequacy of endurance athletes.

Nutricional status of endurance athletes: what is the available information?

El estado nutricional es un determinante crítico del desempeño de atletas. Nos cuestionamos si los estudios actualmente disponibles pueden dar información adecuada sobre el estado nutricional de atletas de resistencia. Este trabajo es una revisión crítca de artículos publicados desde 1989 hasta 2003 que investigaron el estado nutricional de esos atletas. Los términos "nutrition", "diet" o "nutrient" fueron combinados con "endurance athletes" en las búsquedas por Medline y Pubmed. Dos criterios de inclusión fueron considerados: (a) los sujetos de estudio tenían que ser adultos y (b) los artículos tenían que reportar valores específicos por genero para gasto energético total e ingestión de energía, macro y micronutrientes. A penas siete estudios satisfacieron los criterios de inclusión. En general, las conclusiones fueron que atletas de resistencia tienen balance negativo de energía, baja ingestión de carbohidratos, ingestión de proteína adecuada a alta y alta ingestión de grasas. Una discusión crítica de los datos sobre la adecuación de vitaminas, minerales y elementos traza fue conducida usando el enfoque y la metodología propuesta por las Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Los estudios analizados dan una evaluación inapropiada sobre la prevalencia de adecuación/inadecuación de la ingestión de micronutrientes en atletas de resistencia. Las informaciones nutricionales actualmente disponible reflejan conceptos equivocados sobre la evaluación nutricional de grupos. Enfatizamos la necesidad de planear una evaluación nutricional completa y bien conducida para suplir la falta de conocimiento en el área y contribuir con información confiable sobre la adecuación de micronutrientes de atletas de resistencia

Nutrient intake and eating habits of triathletes on a Brazilian diet.

The objectives of this study were to determine the dietary habits, energy balance, and macro- and micronutrient dietary adequacy of triathletes, and to provide an athletes' food pyramid. Thirty-eight Brazilian triathletes, had anthropometric measurements taken. Mean (+/- standard deviation) body weight, height, and percentage body fat were 71.2 kg (+/- 9.4), 176.7 cm (+/- 5.5), and 12.3 % +/- ( 3.6) for men and 55.8 kg (+/- 5.2), 161.6 cm (+/- 4.5), and 24.3 % (+/- 4.2) for women, respectively. A 24-h recall and a food-frequency questionnaire showed that mean total intakes of energy (MJ), carbohydrate, protein, and fat (g x kg(-1) x d(- 1)) were, respectively, 15.4, 7.3, 2.0, and 1.6 for men and 9.9, 5.9, 1.6, and 1.3 for women. The number of meals and intake of some food groups were insufficient, resulting in inadequate intake of carbohydrate and some micronutrients. Based on this study, athletes need help to achieve their sports-related nutrition goals, especially during intense training.