Fatores associados a qualidade do sono ruim em universitários de enfermagem de uma universidade privada cearense / Factors associated with poor sleep quality in nursing students from a private university in Ceará

Sleep is essential for the physical, psychological, and social well-being of individuals. Its poor quality/quantity may lead to functional impairment in the performance of social activities and interpersonal relationships. In this context, studies have identified poor sleep quality in university students, especially those in healthcare. Despite the literature pointing out that nursing students do not sleep well, factors related to employment or daily commuting are not unanimous. Thus, the objective of the study is to evaluate the sleep quality of nursing students and its association with socioeconomic characteristics, life habits, academic, and extracurricular activities. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study with quantitative analysis, carried out with 124 Nursing students from a private Higher Education Institution in Ceará. A questionnaire was used with socioeconomic variables, life-style habits, academic and extracurricular activities, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed. The results of this study showed a predominance of poor sleep quality for 73 (59%) students and the presence of sleeping disorders for 38 (31%) of the participants. The variables associated with this result were the daily intercity commute (to-and-fro) to attend an undergraduate class or to have a concomitant job. Meanwhile, the other academic, extracurricular, and lifestyle variables did not have a statistically significant association with sleep quality. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt actions aimed at good sleep hygiene, for better use of the available time for sleep, better academic performance, and quality of life.

O sono é essencial para o bem-estar físico, psíquico e social dos indivíduos. Sua qualidade/quantidade ruim poderá levar a prejuízo funcional no desempenho dos papéis sociais e nas relações interpessoais. Nesse contexto, estudos comprovam uma qualidade do sono ruim em universitários, especialmente os da área da saúde. Apesar da literatura apontar que universitários de enfermagem são maus dormidores, fatores relacionados como vínculo empregatício ou deslocamento intermunicipal diário não são unânimes. Assim, o objetivo do estudo é avaliar a qualidade do sono de estudantes de enfermagem e sua associação com características socioeconômicas, hábitos de vida, atividades acadêmicas e extracurriculares. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, com análise quantitativa, realizado com 124 estudantes de Enfermagem de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior privada cearense. Empregou-se questionário com variáveis socioeconômicas, hábitos de vida, atividades acadêmicas e extracurriculares, e o Índice da Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh. Foi realizada análise estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram predominância de qualidade do sono ruim para 73 (59%) estudantes e presença de distúrbios do sono para 38 (31%) dos participantes. As variáveis associadas a esse resultado foram o deslocamento intermunicipal diário (movimento pendular) para cursar a graduação ou possuir vínculo empregatício concomitante. Enquanto, as demais variáveis acadêmicas, extracurriculares e de hábitos de vida não tiveram associação estatisticamente significante com a qualidade do sono. Logo, é necessária a adoção de ações visando a boa higiene do sono, para melhor aproveitamento do período disponível para o sono, melhor desempenho acadêmico e qualidade de vida

Mucoadhesive Polymers and Their Applications in Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Bladder Cancer.

Bladder cancer (BC) is the tenth most common type of cancer worldwide, affecting up to four times more men than women. Depending on the stage of the tumor, different therapy protocols are applied. Non-muscle-invasive cancer englobes around 70% of the cases and is usually treated using the transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBIT) followed by the instillation of chemotherapy or immunotherapy. However, due to bladder anatomy and physiology, current intravesical therapies present limitations concerning permeation and time of residence. Furthermore, they require several frequent catheter insertions with a reduced interval between doses, which is highly demotivating for the patient. This scenario has encouraged several pieces of research focusing on the development of drug delivery systems (DDS) to improve drug time residence, permeation capacity, and target release. In this review, the current situation of BC is described concerning the disease and available treatments, followed by a report on the main DDS developed in the past few years, focusing on those based on mucoadhesive polymers as a strategy. A brief review of methods to evaluate mucoadhesion properties is also presented; lastly, different polymers suitable for this application are discussed.

Fatores associados a qualidade do sono ruim em universitários de enfermagem de uma universidade privada cearense / Factors associated with poor sleep quality in nursing students from a private university in Ceará

O sono é essencial para o bem-estar físico, psíquico e social dos indivíduos. Sua qualidade/quantidade ruim poderá levar a prejuízo funcional no desempenho dos papéis sociais e nas relações interpessoais. Nesse contexto, estudos comprovam uma qualidade do sono ruim em universitários, especialmente os da área da saúde. Apesar da literatura apontar que universitários de enfermagem são maus dormidores, fatores relacionados como vínculo empregatício ou deslocamento intermunicipal diário não são unânimes. Assim, o objetivo do estudo é avaliar a qualidade do sono de estudantes de enfermagem e sua associação com características socioeconômicas, hábitos de vida, atividades acadêmicas e extracurriculares. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, com análise quantitativa, realizado com 124 estudantes de Enfermagem de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior privada cearense. Empregou-se questionário com variáveis socioeconômicas, hábitos de vida, atividades acadêmicas e extracurriculares, e o Índice da Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh. Foi realizada análise estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram predominância de qualidade do sono ruim para 73 (59%) estudantes e presença de distúrbios do sono para 38 (31%) dos participantes. As variáveis associadas a esse resultado foram o deslocamento intermunicipal diário (movimento pendular) para cursar a graduação ou possuir vínculo empregatício concomitante. Enquanto, as demais variáveis acadêmicas, extracurriculares e de hábitos de vida não tiveram associação estatisticamente significante com a qualidade do sono. Logo, é necessária a adoção de ações visando a boa higiene do sono, para melhor aproveitamento do período disponível para o sono, melhor desempenho acadêmico e qualidade de vida.

Sleep is essential for the physical, psychological, and social well-being of individuals. Its poor quality/quantity may lead to functional impairment in the performance of social activities and interpersonal relationships. In this context, studies have identified poor sleep quality in university students, especially those in healthcare. Despite the literature pointing out that nursing students do not sleep well, factors related to employment or daily commuting are not unanimous. Thus, the objective of the study is to evaluate the sleep quality of nursing students and its association with socioeconomic characteristics, life habits, academic, and extracurricular activities. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study with quantitative analysis, carried out with 124 Nursing students from a private Higher Education Institution in Ceará. A questionnaire was used with socioeconomic variables, life-style habits, academic and extracurricular activities, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed. The results of this study showed a predominance of poor sleep quality for 73 (59%) students and the presence of sleeping disorders for 38 (31%) of the participants. The variables associated with this result were the daily intercity commute (to-and-fro) to attend an undergraduate class or to have a concomitant job. Meanwhile, the other academic, extracurricular, and lifestyle variables did not have a statistically significant association with sleep quality. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt actions aimed at good sleep hygiene, for better use of the available time for sleep, better academic performance, and quality of life.

The State of the Art of Theranostic Nanomaterials for Lung, Breast, and Prostate Cancers.

The synthesis and engineering of nanomaterials offer more robust systems for the treatment of cancer, with technologies that combine therapy with imaging diagnostic tools in the so-called nanotheranostics. Among the most studied systems, there are quantum dots, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dendrimers, and gold nanoparticles. Most of the advantages of nanomaterials over the classic anticancer therapies come from their optimal size, which prevents the elimination by the kidneys and enhances their permeation in the tumor due to the abnormal blood vessels present in cancer tissues. Furthermore, the drug delivery and the contrast efficiency for imaging are enhanced, especially due to the increased surface area and the selective accumulation in the desired tissues. This property leads to the reduced drug dose necessary to exert the desired effect and for a longer action within the tumor. Finally, they are made so that there is no degradation into toxic byproducts and have a lower immune response triggering. In this article, we intend to review and discuss the state-of-the-art regarding the use of nanomaterials as therapeutic and diagnostic tools for lung, breast, and prostate cancer, as they are among the most prevalent worldwide.

Semi-Solid Pharmaceutical Formulations for the Delivery of Papain Nanoparticles.

Papain is a therapeutic enzyme with restricted applications due to associated allergenic reactions. Papain nanoparticles have shown to be safe for biomedical use, although a method for proper drug loading and release remains to be developed. Thus, the objective of this work was to develop and assess the stability of papain nanoparticles in a prototype semi-solid formulation suitable for dermatological or topical administrations. Papain nanoparticles of 7.0 ± 0.1 nm were synthesized and loaded into carboxymethylcellulose- and poly(vinyl alcohol)-based gels. The formulations were then assayed for preliminary stability, enzyme activity, cytotoxicity studies, and characterized according to their microstructures and protein distribution. The formulations were suitable for papain nanoparticle loading and provided a stable environment for the nanoparticles. The enzyme distribution along the gel matrix was homogeneous for all the formulations, and the proteolytic activity was preserved after the gel preparation. Both gels presented a slow release of the papain nanoparticles for four days. Cell viability assays revealed no potential cytotoxicity, and the presence of the nanoparticles did not alter the microstructure of the gel. The developed systems presented a potential for biomedical applications, either as drug delivery systems for papain nanoparticles and/or its complexes.

Evidências dos benefícios da terapia cognitivo-comportamental associada ao tratamento farmacológico da esquizofrenia: revisão sistemática / Evidence of the benefits of cognitive behavioral therapy associated with the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia: systematic review / Evidencia de los beneficios de la terapia cognitivo-conductual asociada al tratamiento farmacológico de la esquizofrenia: revisión sistemática

A psicoterapia associada ao tratamento farmacológico apresenta avanços no tratamento da esquizofrenia. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem o objetivo de sumarizar os resultados de estudos nacionais e internacionais que avaliaram os benefícios da Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC) associados ao tratamento farmacológico da esquizofrenia. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática de artigos indexados nas bases de dados PubMed e ScienceDirect, publicados entre janeiro de 2000 e setembro de 2016, localizados a partir dos descritores em saúde: "cognitive behavioral therapy" AND "schizophrenia" AND "antipsychotics". A qualidade metodológica foi avaliada por meio da escala Effective Public Health Practice Project: Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Foram incluídos 11 artigos na revisão. A associação entre as terapias permitiu identificar melhor adesão ao tratamento farmacológico, diminuição dos sintomas iniciais (positivos, negativos e psicopatologia geral), diminuição da taxa de interrupção de tratamento, menor risco de recaída, recidivas e readmissão, bem como melhora na interação social, ocupacional e na qualidade de vida. Conclui-se que o tratamento medicamentoso não é suficientemente completo para agir em todos os sintomas característicos da doença, e a associação com a TCC tem se mostrado eficaz, se configurando como um importante instrumento de cuidado na esquizofrenia.

Psychotherapy associated with pharmacological treatment shows advances in the treatment of schizophrenia. In this sense, this study shows the results of national and international studies that evaluated the benefits of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia. This is a systematic review of articles indexed in the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases, published between January 2000 and September 2016, based on the health descriptors: "cognitive behavioral therapy" AND "schizophrenia" AND "antipsychotics". Methodological quality was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project: Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies scale. In total, 11 articles were included in the review. The association among therapies allowed to identify better adherence to pharmacological treatment, decrease in initial symptoms (positive, negative and general psychopathology), decrease in the rate of treatment interruption, lower risk of relapse, relapses and readmission, improvement in social interaction, occupational and quality of life. The drug treatment is not sufficiently complete to act on all the characteristic symptoms of the disease, and the association with CBT has been shown to be effective, becoming an important care instrument in the care of schizophrenia.

La psicoterapia asociada al tratamiento farmacológico presenta avances en el tratamiento de la esquizofrenia. En este sentido, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo resumir los resultados de estudios nacionales e internacionales que evaluaron los beneficios de la terapia cognitivo-conductual (TCC) en el tratamiento farmacológico de la esquizofrenia. Esta es una revisión sistemática de artículos indexados en las bases de datos PubMed y ScienceDirect, publicados entre enero 2000 y septiembre de 2016, utilizando los descriptores de salud: "cognitive behavioral therapy" AND "schizophrenia" AND "antipsychotics". La calidad metodológica se evaluó mediante la escala Effective Public Health Practice Project: Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Se incluyeron 11 artículos en la revisión. La asociación entre las terapias permitió identificar una mejor adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico, disminución de los síntomas iniciales (positivos, negativos y psicopatología general), disminución de la tasa de interrupción del tratamiento, menor riesgo de recaída y reingreso, así como mejora en la interacción social, ocupacional y calidad de vida. Se concluye que el tratamiento farmacológico no es lo suficientemente completo como para actuar sobre todos los síntomas característicos de la enfermedad, y se ha demostrado que la asociación con la TCC es efectiva, convirtiéndose en un importante instrumento de atención en la esquizofrenia.