Effect of staining on the mechanical, surface and biological properties of lithium disilicate.

PURPOSE: To simulate biodegradation and wear of stained and glazed CAD lithium disilicate ceramic, and evaluate their effects on the microbial adherence and mechanical and surface properties of lithium disilicate ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 160 lithium disilicate ceramic discs were fabricated and divided in eight groups according to manual stain and glaze application with a fine paint brush (without stain and glaze; with stain and glaze) and aging procedures (no aging; wear at 30 N load, 1.7 Hz, 3 × 105 cycles; biodegradation by exposure to microcosm biofilm; biodegradation + wear; biodegradation + wear). Profilometry was performed to determine the surface roughness and the wear consequences. Biaxial flexural strength test was performed, and a Streptococcus mutans adherence test was conducted to evaluate the number of colony forming units. RESULTS: Unaged samples with and without stain and glaze presented the lowest values of surface roughness (p < 0.001), but after aging (wear, biodegradation, or both), the samples in the stain and glaze groups were rougher than those in the no stain and glaze groups (p < 0.001). The stain and glaze groups showed the highest volume of wear after aging (p = 0.04), and had the lowest flexural strength values (p < 0.01), irrespective of the aging method. The aging method did not affect the flexural strength (p = 0.06). The number of colonies forming units was higher for biodegradation + no stain and glaze, biodegradation + wear + no stain and glaze, no aging + stain and glaze, biodegradation + stain and glaze, and biodegradation + wear + stain and glaze. The lowest values were observed for no aging + no stain and glaze. CONCLUSION: The staining and glazing of lithium disilicate increased the surface wear and bacterial adherence, and decreased biaxial flexural strength of the material. When exposed to S. mutans, surface roughness increased, and biodegradation favored bacterial adherence.

Abutment Coating With Diamond-Like Carbon Films to Reduce Implant-Abutment Bacterial Leakage.

BACKGROUND: The influence of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films on bacterial leakage through the interface between abutments and dental implants of external hexagon (EH) and internal hexagon (IH) designs was evaluated. METHODS: Film deposition was performed by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Sets of implants and abutments (n = 30 per group, sets of 180 implants) were divided according to connection design and treatment of the abutment base: 1) no treatment (control); 2) DLC film deposition; and 3) Ag-DLC film deposition. Under sterile conditions, 1 µL Enterococcus faecalis was inoculated inside the implants, and abutments were tightened. The sets were tested for immediate external contamination, suspended in test tubes containing sterile culture broth, and followed for 5 days. Turbidity of the broth indicated bacterial leakage. At the end of the period, the abutments were removed and the internal content of the implants was collected with paper points and plated in Petri dishes. After 24-hour incubation, they were assessed for bacterial viability and colony-forming unit counting. Bacterial leakage was analyzed by χ(2) and Fisher exact tests (α = 5%). RESULTS: The percentage of bacterial leakage was 16.09% for EH implants and 80.71% for IH implants (P <0.0001). The bacterial load was higher inside IH implants (P = 0.000). The type of implant significantly influenced the results (P = 0.000), whereas the films did not (P = 0.487). CONCLUSION: IH implants show a higher frequency of bacterial leakage; and DLC and Ag-DLC films do not significantly reduce the frequency of bacterial leakage and bacteria load inside the implants.

The effect of mechanical loading on the cusp defection of premolars restored with direct and indirect techniques.

AIM: This study assessed the effect of fatigue load cycling on human premolars restored with MOD restorations (direct and indirect approaches) on cuspal defection, compared to intact teeth (unprepared) and unrestored teeth with an inlay preparation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MOD inlay preparations were performed on sixty premolars with their roots embedded in acrylic resin. These teeth were divided into six groups (n = 10): (1) intact teeth; (2) unrestored and prepared teeth; (3) teeth restored with direct composite resin; (4) teeth restored with an indirect composite resin; (5) teeth restored with injected ceramic inlays (IPS Empress 2 (Ivoclar); (6) teeth restored with CAD/CAM inlays made of feldspathic ceramic (Vita Mark II). All of the indirect restorations were adhesively cemented. Strain-gauges were bonded to the buccal and lingual surfaces of the specimens. Compressive axial loading of 100N was applied on the occlusal face of the specimens to measure the cuspal deflection (microstrain) under compressive loading. These measurements were obtained before and after mechanical cycling (1 Hz, 37°C, 100,000x). RESULTS: Comparing the results obtained before and after fatiguing, the cuspal defection increased only in the CAD/CAM approach. The prepared tooth group had the highest cuspal defection, before and after mechanical cycling. CONCLUSION: The evaluated restoring approaches decrease the cuspal defection, consequently appear to improve the cuspal reinforcement.

Silica-based nano-coating on zirconia surfaces using reactive magnetron sputtering: effect on chemical adhesion of resin cements.

PURPOSE: To compare the effect of silica (Si)-based nano-coating deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering (RMP) with that of conventional surface conditioning using metal/zirconia primer alone or after air-particle abrasion on the adhesion of resin cements to zirconia ceramic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred forty zirconia ceramic blocks (Cercon) were sintered, finished with 1200- grit SiC paper under water cooling, and cleaned ultrasonically in distilled water for 10 min. The blocks (4.5 mm x 3.5 mm x 4.5 mm) were randomly divided into 24 groups (n = 10) according to 3 testing parameters: a) resin cements (Multilink, Panavia F, RelyX U100), b) surface conditioning (no conditioning as control group; Metal/Zirconia Primer; air abrasion + Metal/Zirconia Primer; Si-based nanofilm + Monobond s); c) aging (no aging vs thermocycling at 5°C to 55°C, 6000 cycles). The nanofilm was deposited by direct current using argon/oxygen plasma (8:1 in flux) on the zirconia surface. Resin cements were bonded to zirconia surfaces using polyethylene molds. The shear bond strength (SBS) test was performed using a universal testing machine (1 mm/min), and after debonding, the substrate and adherent surfaces were analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopes to categorize the failure types. The data were statistically evaluated using 3-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (5%). RESULTS: Resin cement type (p < 0.05), surface conditioning method (p < 0.05), and aging condition (p < 0.05) had a significant effect on the bond strength results. Interactions were also significant (p < 0.05). In the nonaged condition, while control groups presented the lowest results with all cements (0 to 5.2 MPa), the airabraded group in combination with RelyX U100 resulted in the highest SBS (21.8 ± 6.7 MPa). After aging, the SBS results decreased in the air-abraded groups for all cements (4.54 to 9.44 MPa) and showed no statistical significance compared to the Si-based nanocoated groups (4.24 to 6.44 MPa). After air-abrasion and primer application, only Panavia F and RelyX U100 cements showed exclusively mixed failures, but after nanofilm coating and silanization, all cements showed exclusively mixed failures with and without aging. CONCLUSION: Chemical adhesion of the resin cements tested to zirconia was similar after silica-based nanofilm deposition and air abrasion followed by primer application.

Effect of disinfectant solutions on a denture base acrylic resin.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hardness, roughness and mass loss of an acrylic denture base resin after in vitro exposure to four disinfectant solutions. Forty specimens (Clássico, Brazil) were prepared and randomly assigned to 4 groups n = 10) according to the disinfectant solution: G1: control, stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C; G2: 1% sodium hypochlorite; G3: 2% glutaraldehyde; G4: 4% chlorhexidine. G2 to G4 were immersed for 60 minutes in the disinfectant solution. Measurements were carried out both before and after immersion in the solution. The surface was analyzed with a surface roughness tester (Surfcorder SE 1700 KOZAKALAB), a microdurometer FM-700 (Future Tech) and a scanning electron microscope (DSM 962-ZEISS). Loss of mass was determined with a digital weighing scale. After disinfection procedures, values were analyzed statistically. The acrylic denture base resin may be vulnerable to surface changes after in vitro immersion in the disinfectant solutions studied.

Effect of disinfectant solutions on a denture base acrylic resin

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la microdureza, rugosidad y pérdida de masa de resinas acrílicas para base de dentadura, después de su exposición a soluciones desinfectantes, in vitro. Cuarenta especimenes de resina acrílica para base de dentadura (Clássico, Brasil) fueron confeccionados y asignados randomizadamente a 4 grupos (n=10) según la solución desinfectante: G1: control, almacenado en agua destilada a 37 °C; G2: 1 por ciento hipoclorito de sodio; G3: 2 por ciento Glutaraldehído; G4: 4 por ciento clorhexidina. Los especimenes fueroninmersos por 60 minutos en la solución correspondiente. Posteriormente, los especimenes fueron analizados antes ydespués de cada inmersión usando un rugosímetro (Surfcorder SE 1700 KOZAKALAB), un microdurómetro FM-700 (Future Tech), un microscopio Electrónico de Barrido (MEB) (DSM 962-ZEISS) y una escala digital. Después de los procedimientos de desinfección, los valores promedios obtenidos de cada análisis fueron evaluados estadísticamente. Las resinas para base de dentadura pueden ser vulnerables a los cambios de superficie cuando son inmersos en soluciones desinfectantes.

Effect of disinfectant solutions on a denture base acrylic resin

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la microdureza, rugosidad y pérdida de masa de resinas acrílicas para base de dentadura, después de su exposición a soluciones desinfectantes, in vitro. Cuarenta especimenes de resina acrílica para base de dentadura (Clássico, Brasil) fueron confeccionados y asignados randomizadamente a 4 grupos (n=10) según la solución desinfectante: G1: control, almacenado en agua destilada a 37 °C; G2: 1 por ciento hipoclorito de sodio; G3: 2 por ciento Glutaraldehído; G4: 4 por ciento clorhexidina. Los especimenes fueroninmersos por 60 minutos en la solución correspondiente. Posteriormente, los especimenes fueron analizados antes ydespués de cada inmersión usando un rugosímetro (Surfcorder SE 1700 KOZAKALAB), un microdurómetro FM-700 (Future Tech), un microscopio Electrónico de Barrido (MEB) (DSM 962-ZEISS) y una escala digital. Después de los procedimientos de desinfección, los valores promedios obtenidos de cada análisis fueron evaluados estadísticamente. Las resinas para base de dentadura pueden ser vulnerables a los cambios de superficie cuando son inmersos en soluciones desinfectantes.(AU)

Opaque layer firing temperature and aging effect on the flexural strength of ceramic fused to cobalt-chromium alloy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of the opaque layer firing temperature and mechanical and thermal cycling on the flexural strength of a ceramic fused to commercial cobalt-chromium alloy (Co-Cr). The hypotheses were that higher opaque layer temperatures increase the metal/ceramic bond strength and that aging reduces the bond strength. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Metallic frameworks (25 x 3 x 0.5 mm(3); ISO 9693) (N = 60) were cast in Co-Cr and airborne-particle abraded (Al(2)O(3): 150 mum) at the central area of the frameworks (8 x 3 mm(2)) and divided into three groups (N = 20), according to the opaque layer firing temperature: Gr1 (control)-900 degrees C; Gr2-950 degrees C; Gr3-1000 degrees C. The opaque ceramic (Opaque, Vita Zahnfabrick, Bad Säckingen, Germany) was applied, and the glass ceramic (Vita Omega 900, Vita Zahnfabrick) was fired onto it (thickness: 1 mm). While half the specimens from each group were randomly tested without aging (water storage: 37 degrees C/24 hours), the other half were mechanically loaded (20,000 cycles; 50 N load; distilled water at 37 degrees C) and thermocycled (3000 cycles; 5 degrees C to 55 degrees C, dwell time: 30 seconds). After the flexural strength test, failure types were noted. The data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (alpha= 0.05). RESULTS: Gr2 (19.41 +/- 5.5 N) and Gr3 (20.6 +/- 5 N) presented higher values than Gr1 (13.3 +/- 1.6 N) (p= 0.001). Mechanical and thermal cycling did not significantly influence the mean flexural strength values (p > 0.05). Increasing the opaque layer firing temperature improved the flexural bond strength values (p < 0.05). The hypotheses were partially accepted. CONCLUSION: Increasing of the opaque layer firing temperature improved the flexural bond strength between ceramic fused to Co-Cr alloy.

Influence of the coloring agent concentration on bleaching gel and pulp chamber temperatures during dental bleaching.

This study evaluated the influence of the coloring agent concentration on the temperature of the gel layer and pulp chamber during dental bleaching with an LED/laser light source. Ten human incisors and a digital thermometer with K-type thermocouples were used. Using a high-speed spherical diamond bur, endodontic access was gained through openings on the lingual faces until pulp chamber was exposed. One end of the thermocouple was placed on the labial surface (immersed in bleaching gel) and the other end in the pulp chamber. The same 10 specimens were used in the 12 groups, according to the type and concentration of bleaching gel. Each bleaching gel was used in four different concentrations: manipulated without coloring, with normal quantity recommended by the manufacturer, with double the recommended amount of coloring, and with triple the recommended amount of coloring. The temperature rise was measured every 30 seconds for three minutes with a K-type thermocouple. The data were analyzed by ANOVA to examine the concentration and type of bleaching gel. This test was followed by Tukey's test, which was performed independently for the gel at the labial surface and the pulp chamber (a = 5%). For both surfaces, values of p = 0.00 were obtained for all factors and for the interaction between them. The varying concentrations of coloring agent produced statistically significant differences in terms of temperature increase for both the gel layer and the pulp chamber during activation.

Pulpal temperature increase with high-speed handpiece, Er:YAG laser and ultrasound tips.

The aim of this study was to compare intrapulpal temperature increase produced by high-speed handpiece, Er:YAG laser and CVDentus ultrasound tips during cavity preparation. Thirty bovine mandibular incisors with an enamel/dentin thickness of 4 mm at buccal surface had their roots amputated and were allocated to the following groups (n=10): Group I- high-speed handpiece; Group II- noncontact Er:YAG laser (250 mJ/4 Hz); and Group III- CVDentus ultrasouns tips. All devices were used with water cooling. Class V cavities were prepared to a depth of 3.5 mm, measured with a periodontal probe. A type T thermocouple was placed inside the pulp chamber to determine the temperature increase (degrees C), which was recorded by a data acquisition system ADS 2000 IP (Lynx Technology) linked to a notebook computer. Data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p=0.05). The mean temperature rises were: 1.10 degrees C (+/-0.56) for Group I, 0.84 degrees C (+/-0.55) for Group II, and 3.00 degrees C (+/- 1.34) for Group III. There were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) between Groups I and II, but both of them differed significantly from Group III (p<0.05). In conclusion, the use of Er:YAG laser and high-speed handpiece for cavity preparation resulted in similar temperature increase. Although ultrasound tips generated significantly higher intrapulpal temperature increase, it remained below the critical value of 5.5 degrees C and may be considered safe for use.