ABSTRACT
[This corrects the article on p. 71 in vol. 32, PMID: 33828406.].
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to investigate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure-inattention [Swanson, Nolan and Pelham, version IV (SNAP-IV)] and anger [Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anger] for parents and guardians of children aged 6-17 years. METHODS: We included 104 children and adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), ADHD with anxiety and depression, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and tic disorder with somatic symptoms (ADHD=41, depression=9, anxiety=14, ADHD+anxious depression=11, tic+somatic symptoms=29). Their ages ranged from 8 years to 15 years. The participants' mothers completed the SNAP-IV, PROMIS Anger scale, Korean version of the IOWA Conners Rating Scale (K-IOWA), and Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) so that the reliability and validity of the SNAP-IV and PROMIS Anger scales, which are DSM-5 scales for assessing inattention and anger of children and adolescents, could be examined. RESULTS: The reliability coefficient of SNAP-IV (Cronbach's α) was 0.94. The correlation coefficients between SNAP-IV, K-IOWA inattention, and K-ARS inattention scores ranged from 0.73 to 0.86. The mean SNAP-IV scores of the ADHD and the ADHD+anxious depression groups were significantly higher than those of the anxiety and the tic+somatic symptoms groups. The reliability coefficient of the PROMIS Anger was 0.91. The correlation coefficient between PROMIS Anger and K-IOWA oppositional/defiant scores was 0.75. The PROMIS Anger mean score of the ADHD+anxious depression group tended to be higher than that of the other groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the Korean version of the DSM-5 Level 2 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure-inattention and anger for parent and guardian of child age 6-17 might be a reliable and valid test and may be useful for screening children and adolescents with ADHD.
ABSTRACT
A variety of mediators released by immune cells triggers or enhances specific aspects of the inflammatory response. Dendritic cells (DCs) play an essential role in the innate immune system by shaping the adaptive immune responses and by controlling the production of cytokines in response to inflammatory stimuli. In the present study, we investigated whether SK-126, a pyridine derivative based on gentianine originated from a natural product, can affect the LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production in DC. Interestingly, treatment of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and the murine dendritic cell line, DC 2.4, with SK-126 completely suppressed LPS-induced TNF-alpha expression at both transcriptional and protein levels. In contrast to TNF-alpha, SK-126 enhanced IL-10 expression at both transcriptional and protein levels. To determine signaling pathways involved in the regulation of inflammatory cytokines, we examined the involvement of MAPK and the transcription factor, NF-kappaB. SK-126 enhanced ERK1/2 and p38 activation following LPS stimulation, but it did not induce phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK and NF-kappaB. Also, STAT3 phosphorylation after LPS stimulation was increased by SK-126 to a large extent. Using specific inhibitors, we confirmed that SK-126 has dual effects in which it suppresses TNF-alpha production and enhances IL-10 production via the up-regulation of ERK1/2 and p38. Finally, LPS-induced inflammatory responses such as TNF-alpha production in vivo were significantly reduced by treatment with SK-126. Therefore, our findings suggest that SK-126 may be a useful drug candidate to treat inflammatory diseases in which pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines play a significant role in their pathogenesis.
