ΔNp63α represses anti-proliferative genes via H2A.Z deposition.

ΔNp63α is a member of the p53 family of transcription factors that functions as an oncogene in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Because ΔNp63α and p53 bind virtually identical DNA sequence motifs, it has been proposed that ΔNp63α functions as a dominant-negative inhibitor of p53 to promote proliferation and block apoptosis. However, most SCCs concurrently overexpress ΔNp63α and inactivate p53, suggesting the autonomous action of these oncogenic events. Here we report the discovery of a novel mechanism of transcriptional repression by ΔNp63α that reconciles these observations. We found that although both proteins bind the same genomic sites, they regulate largely nonoverlapping gene sets. Upon activation, p53 binds all enhancers regardless of ΔNp63α status but fails to transactivate genes repressed by ΔNp63α. We found that ΔNp63α associates with the SRCAP chromatin regulatory complex involved in H2A/H2A.Z exchange and mediates H2A.Z deposition at its target loci. Interestingly, knockdown of SRCAP subunits or H2A.Z leads to specific induction of ΔNp63α-repressed genes. We identified SAMD9L as a key anti-proliferative gene repressed by ΔNp63α and H2A.Z whose depletion suffices to reverse the arrest phenotype caused by ΔNp63α knockdown. Collectively, these results illuminate a molecular pathway contributing to the autonomous oncogenic effects of ΔNp63α.

Nuclear factor (NF)-κB controls expression of the immunoregulatory glycan-binding protein galectin-1.

The inflammatory response is a self-limiting process which involves the sequential activation of signaling pathways leading to the production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Galectin-1 (Gal-1), an endogenous lectin found in peripheral lymphoid organs and inflammatory sites, elicits a broad spectrum of biological functions predominantly by acting as a potent anti-inflammatory factor and as a suppressive agent for T-cell responses. However, the molecular pathways underlying Gal-1 expression and function remain poorly understood. Here we identified a regulatory loop linking Gal-1 expression and function to NF-κB activation. NF-κB-activating stimuli increased Gal-1 expression on T cells, an effect which could be selectively prevented by inhibitors of NF-κB signaling. Accordingly, transient transfection of the p65 subunit of NF-κB was sufficient to induce high Gal-1 expression. Using in silico studies and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis we have identified a functional NF-κB binding site within the first intron of the LGALS1 gene. In addition, our results show that exogenous Gal-1 can attenuate NF-κB activation, as shown by inhibition of IκB-α degradation induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli, higher cytoplasmic retention of p65, lower NF-κB DNA binding activity and impaired transcriptional activation of target genes. The present study suggest a novel regulatory loop by which NF-κB induces expression of Gal-1, which in turn may lead to negative control of NF-κB signaling.

[Different enzymatic activities recruitment by specific domains of TIF2 are involved in NF-kappaB transactivation]. / La actividad transcripcional de NF-kappaB es diferencialmente regulada por dominios específicos del coactivador TIF2.

We have previously shown that nuclear receptor coactivator overexpression significantly enhanced NF-kappaB activity in a dose response manner. We studied the mechanism by which TIF2 regulates NF-kappaB activity. We determined that: 1) the p38 specific inhibitor reduces 50% NF-kappaB transcriptional activity, even in cells that overexpress distinct TIF2 deletions; 2) there is a physical interaction between TIF2 and p38 and RelA determined through in vitro translated protein binding assays; 3) TIF2 is a p38 substrate; 4) there is a physical interaction between TIF2 and IKK in TNF-alpha 20 ng/ml stimulated or not HEK 293 cell protein extract, and IkappaB only in basal conditions, determined by binding pull down assays. This NF-kappaB complex regulates its activity and targets gene expression in a determined physiologic context depending on the coactivator complex content.

La actividad transcripcional de NF-kappaB es diferencialmente regulada por dominios específicos del coactivador TIF2. / [Different enzymatic activities recruitment by specific domains of TIF2 are involved in NF-kappaB transactivation]

We have previously shown that nuclear receptor coactivator overexpression significantly enhanced NF-kappaB activity in a dose response manner. We studied the mechanism by which TIF2 regulates NF-kappaB activity. We determined that: 1) the p38 specific inhibitor reduces 50

NF-kappaB transcriptional activity, even in cells that overexpress distinct TIF2 deletions; 2) there is a physical interaction between TIF2 and p38 and RelA determined through in vitro translated protein binding assays; 3) TIF2 is a p38 substrate; 4) there is a physical interaction between TIF2 and IKK in TNF-alpha 20 ng/ml stimulated or not HEK 293 cell protein extract, and IkappaB only in basal conditions, determined by binding pull down assays. This NF-kappaB complex regulates its activity and targets gene expression in a determined physiologic context depending on the coactivator complex content.