Metastatic Ovarian Tumors Originating From a Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma - A Case Report and Brief Literature Review.

Approximately 1.6% of tumors metastatic to the ovary of nongynecologic origin are from a small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA). However, the incidence of SBA is extremely rare (0.23 cases/100,000 people), which suggests a high frequency of ovarian metastasis, although the reason is unknown. To identify the characteristics of ovarian tumor metastasis from SBA, we reviewed 72 cases reported in the English literature, including the case presented in this report. The mean age of the patients was 46.7 yr. Solitary ovarian metastasis was observed in 67% of the cases, and ovarian metastasis was accompanied by peritoneal dissemination in 33% of the cases. Although duodenal adenocarcinoma has the highest incidence among the SBAs, jejunal adenocarcinoma, particularly that at the proximal end, is the type of SBA that most frequently metastasizes to the ovary. Among the cases of ovarian metastasis from SBA, 51% were bilateral, 33% were unilateral to the right ovary, and 16% were unilateral to the left ovary.

Malignant transformation of a gastric hyperplastic polyp in a context of Helicobacter pylori-negative autoimmune gastritis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Gastric foveolar hyperplastic polyps (GFHPs) are common findings in clinical practice. GFHPs commonly arise in a background of chronic atrophic gastritis, including autoimmune gastritis (type A gastritis), and have a potential risk of malignant transformation. CASE PRESENTATION: In 2005, a 55-year-old Japanese woman underwent upper endoscopy at another hospital and was found to have a pedunculated polyp (10 mm in diameter) on the greater curvature of the lower gastric body. On biopsy, the polyp was diagnosed as a GFHP. Nine years later, the polyp had grown to 20 mm in diameter, and the biopsy specimen taken at this time showed tubular adenocarcinoma. On admission to our hospital, the serum Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori) immunoglobulin G antibody and stool H. pylori antigen were both negative. Anti-gastric parietal cell antibody was positive, as was the anti-intrinsic factor antibody, and the fasting serum gastrin level was markedly increased. In 2014, en bloc resection of the pedunculated polyp was performed by endoscopic submucosal dissection. The final histological diagnosis was adenocarcinoma of the stomach with submucosal and lymphatic invasion. Subsequently, additional radical distal gastrectomy was performed. At the latest follow-up (12 months postoperatively), no recurrence was noted. CONCLUSIONS: We here reported a rare case of malignant transformation of GFHP arising in a context of type A gastritis. To our knowledge, there are no previous reports on malignant transformation of GFHP with submucosal and lymphatic invasion arising in a background of type A gastritis in the English literature. Further, there is currently no effective treatment other than endoscopic or surgical treatment for such cases. Given the potential risk of malignant transformation due to hypergastrinemia, we consider that endoscopic treatment should be considered as a first-line therapy when a malignant growth is suspected.

Aortic Intimal Sarcoma Contributes to Atherosclerotic Renovascular Hypertension: An Autopsy Case Report and Review of the Literature.

An autopsy of a 70-year-old man with multiple bone metastases from a malignancy of unknown origin (MUO) and renovascular hypertension revealed an aortic intimal sarcoma (AIS) in the right renal artery accompanied by atherosclerotic changes. AIS appeared as aggregated mutton fat-like translucent particles arising from the intima of the branching portion of the right renal artery and was composed of undifferentiated, fine spindle cells with thicket-like proliferation. AIS was confirmed by immunohistopathology, showing the loss of the lumen lined by CD31-positive endothelium and the expression of CD31, keratin, and vimentin in the viable part of the tumor. In patients with MUO presenting with both bone metastases and an acute or sub-acute onset of renovascular hypertension, AIS in the renal artery may be responsible.

Potentially disseminated solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura: a case report.

We report a case involving a female patient with frequent relapse, pleural dissemination, and port site recurrence (PSR) of a pleural solitary fibrous tumor (SFT). At the age of 55 years, she underwent tumor resection via video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). The tumor arose from the mediastinal pleura; it was 7 cm in diameter and well demarcated. Histological examination showed neither hemorrhage nor necrosis, but moderate cellularity was present, and the Ki-67 labeling index was 15%. Despite complete resection, the tumor relapsed in the ipsilateral thoracic cavity 3 years postoperatively, and thoracoscopic complete tumor resection was performed; however, pleural lavage cytology (PLC) showed the presence of tumor cells. Multiple pleural dissemination and PSR developed 7 years after the initial surgery. The port site recurrent tumor was resected with the intercostal muscle via VATS. This case illustrates that a SFT may disseminate despite the fact that histological examination shows no evidence of malignancy.

A case of solitary fibrous tumor arising from the palatine tonsil.

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a distinctive, relatively uncommon soft-tissue neoplasm that usually arises from the pleura. It occurs at various sites; head and neck lesions are very rare. While most of these tumors have a benign course, a small number have malignant potential. We describe a rare case of SFT arising from the left palatine tonsil in a 66-year-old Japanese woman. The mass was completely resected. Immunohistochemical studies were strongly positive for CD34 and bcl-2, mildly positive for phosphorylated protein kinase B and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and negative for platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and p53. These findings suggested that this tumor was benign. The patient showed no evidence of recurrence during 2 years of follow-up. We believe that the candidate prognostic marker should be checked to distinguish malignant from benign SFTs.

Complete resection of a complicated huge mesenteric lymphangioma guided by mesenteric computed tomography angiography with three-dimensional reconstruction: report of a case.

We herein describe the case of an adult with a complicated huge lymphangioma of the small bowel mesentery. Computed tomography (CT) confirmed a 45 × 30 × 14 cm multiple and separate, mixed and solid cystic tumor without enhancement by contrast medium in the abdominal cavity. Mesenteric CT angiography with three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction showed that the tumor did not involve the first jejunal artery, although the tumor did involve the subsequent jejunal and ileal arteries and the corresponding segment of the small bowel. Under anatomic guidance based on mesenteric CT angiography with 3D reconstruction, we were able to successfully excise the tumor. Mesenteric lymphangioma should be excised even when the tumor is asymptomatic. Mesenteric CT angiography with 3D reconstruction is useful for the surgical treatment of huge mesenteric tumors.

[SMALL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE: A CASE REPORT OF RELATIVE LONG-TERM SURVIVAL].

Small cell carcinoma of the prostate (SCCP) is rare, and no standard treatment regimen has yet been established. The overall prognosis remains poor. We experienced a case who obtained relative long-term survival with two types of chemotherapy treatments. A 69-year-old man underwent combined androgen blockade (CAB) with a diagnosis of prostate adenocarcinoma (Gleason score = 5 + 3) that was staged T3bN1M1b (initial PSA = 352 ng/ml). Twenty-five months after hormonal therapy, the level of serum PSA had elapsed remain low, however, FDG-PET/CT revealed high value at the lymph node of para-aortic and pelvic lesion. The levels of serum NSE and Pro-GRP elevated, and a prostate re-biopsy revealed a small cell carcinoma. Therefore, he was treated with 12-cycles of combination chemotherapy consisting of etoposide and carboplatin. Then, disease has progressed, so he was changed to second line chemotherapy with amrubicin. He underwent 12-cycles chemotherapy with amrubicin, but he died of cancer 39 months after the initial treatment of SCCP.

[A case of isolated polyarteritis nodosa appeared in bilateral epididymides with asynchronous onset].

A 78-year-old man visited a hospital with a complaint of painful and swelling scrotums for 7 months. Although left epididymitis was suspected, antibiotic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) had no effects. After visit to our department, we performed left orchiectomy for the diagnosis and pain control. Pathological examinations showed necrotizing vasculitis in the epididymis, so he was diagnosed as polyarteritis nodosa (PN) in the left epididymis. He had no systemic symptoms, which made the diagnosis of isolated PN. One and a half years after operation, he felt the same pain in the right scrotum. We performed right orchiectomy. Pathological findings showed necrotizing vasculitis in the epididymis. Blood examinations revealed negative for myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) and proteinase 3-ANCA, and computed tomography revealed that other organs were not involved. One year later, he had no recurrence.

Rapidly progressive respiratory failure in mixed connective tissue disease: report of an autopsy case.

A 64-year-old woman presented with exertional dyspnea. The case was diagnosed as mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) due to presence of swollen fingers, Raynaud's phenomenon, muscle weakness, positive anti-U1RNP antibody, pericarditis and interstitial pneumonia. Although the histology from a transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) indicated organizing pneumonia, corticosteroid therapy was postponed for two months at the patient's request. She died 8 weeks later from acute progressive interstitial pneumonia in spite of the administration of intravenous cyclophosphamide combined with prednisolone. The autopsy revealed exudative and organizing diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). Previous reports have shown that DAD is an extremely rare pulmonary complication in MCTD. This report presents a case of MCTD with acute respiratory failure. This case thus suggests that this therapy should be administered as soon as possible.

Pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma in Sjögren's syndrome showing only the LIP pattern radiologically.

A 49-year-old woman with a 20-year history of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) was incidentally found to have an abnormal chest X-ray along with dyspnea and desaturation. Chest CT findings showed multiple cystic shadows, ground glass opacity, and small nodule-like lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), which have been previously reported. She was diagnosed by surgical lung biopsy to have mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. It was difficult to detect the presence of lymphoma by the use of only CT findings. Pulmonary involvement of SS occurs in various forms so that SS patients with pulmonary involvement should undergo open biopsy to reach a definitive diagnosis.

Pleural solitary fibrous tumor with bullae: is it a microinvasive tumor?

We report a rare pleural solitary fibrous tumor with bullae. Chest computed tomography showed a nodular lesion with bullae adjacent to the left diaphragm. Thoracoscopic resection followed by a pathology study showed that the tumor was a solitary fibrous tumor beside the visceral pleura. We suggest that the bullae containing dilated bronchioles were caused by a check-valve mechanism next to the microinvasive component in the solitary fibrous tumor.

Delayed enhanced hepatosplenic sarcoid nodules on computed tomography in an interferon-naïve hepatitis C patient: a case report and review of the literature.

A 77-year-old woman with chronic type C hepatitis was diagnosed with hypoechoic hepatosplenic nodules on ultrasonography. These lesions showed low density on precontrast computed tomography and delayed enhancement. Judging from laboratory data and images, the nodules were considered unlikely to represent malignancies and were followed conservatively. The hepatic lesions then increased in size and number. Sarcoidosis was diagnosed following liver biopsy. All nodules disappeared spontaneously within 6 years. Although some cases of interferon-induced sarcoidosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C or hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosis have been reported recently, interferon-naïve cases are relatively rare. Delayed enhancement on computed tomography may reflect fibrosis of hepatic sarcoid lesions that have been histologically confirmed. Gastroenterologists managing patients with chronic HCV infection need to keep such cases in mind.

Lymphatic invasion in small differentiated-type mucosal gastric cancer.

Endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer is indicated for patients who are at negligible risk of lymph node metastasis. A 71-year-old female underwent endoscopic resection for a 15-mm differentiated-type mucosal gastric tumor, as recommended in the Japanese treatment guidelines. A histological examination revealed lymphatic invasion. Therefore, we performed laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy and D1+ lymph node dissection. A histological examination detected no.3 lymph node metastasis, but no residual cancer cells were observed at the site of the endoscopic resection. This case is rare as lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis are highly unusual in small differentiated-type mucosal gastric cancer. Having experienced this case, we consider that en-bloc endoscopic resection of such lesions is extremely important, as it allows precise histological examinations to be performed, which can determine the necessity of additional treatment.

Ectopic ACTH syndrome associated with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the thymus.

A 38-year-old man was admitted for evaluation of Cushing's syndrome. Physical findings showed swelling of the face, and hypertension, but not Cushingoid stigmata. Laboratory data revealed serum cortisol level of 34.1 µg/dL and plasma ACTH of 140 pg/mL. Overnight administration of 1 and 8 mg dexamethasone did not suppress plasma ACTH or serum cortisol. Chest X-ray showed a mass at the upper-anterior quadrant of the mediastinum, and chest CT scan revealed a heterogenous tumor of approximately 60 mm in diameter, which infiltrated into the superior vena cava and ascending aorta, and caused superior vena cava syndrome. The tumor was resected. Histological examination indicated large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the thymus and positive immunoreactivity for ACTH. Ten days after the operation, the plasma ACTH decreased as low as 13.7 pg/mL. The present study indicates that large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the thymus can cause superior vena cava syndrome and ectopic ACTH syndrome.

Atypical carcinoid of the larynx and expressions of proteins associated with molecular targeted therapy.

OBJECTIVE: We reported an extremely rare case of atypical laryngeal carcinoid, and examined the expression of several proteins for application of molecular targeted therapy. METHOD: Case report and review of the literature concerning atypical carcinoid arising from the larynx. The expressions of proteins were determined by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: We present here a case of atypical laryngeal carcinoid in a 79-year-old Japanese man, which was completely resected, and with no evidence of recurrence. On immunohistochemical analysis, neoplastic elements revealed, strong positivity for platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and were mild positivity for KIT. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that atypical laryngeal carcinoid could be completely removed if it is located in the limited lesion. PDGFRα, VEGFR2, and EGFR expressions in this case provide the evidence that atypical laryngeal carcinoid is the candidate for molecular targeted therapy, although further investigations are necessary.

Sessile serrated adenoma shares similar genetic and epigenetic features with microsatellite unstable colon cancer in a location-dependent manner.

Genetic and epigenetic features of sessile serrated adenoma (SSA), a precursor lesion to colon cancer with microsatellite instability (MSI), were investigated. The aim of this study was to clarify whether there are location-dependent genetic and epigenetic features in SSA. Twenty-two patients with proximal SSAs and 8 with distal SSAs were recruited. Twenty-two patients with tubular adenoma (TA) and 66 with proximal colon cancer were studied for comparison. Genetic and epigenetic features were evaluated as BRAF and KRAS mutations, MSI, hMLH1 methylation and CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP). BRAF mutation (p=0.007) and CIMP (p=0.012) were more frequently found in proximal than in distal SSAs. Furthermore, the KRAS mutation was found only in distal SSAs. In TAs, no location-related molecular features were observed. All SSAs, TAs and 42 colon cancer lesions were microsatellite stable (MSS). Twenty-four colon cancer lesions exhibited MSI and had more frequent BRAF mutations (p<0.001), hMLH1 methylation (p<0.001) and CIMP (p<0.001). BRAF mutation occurred in only 9.5% of MSS cancers (p=0.01). In MSI cancers with the BRAF mutation, a higher correlation with CIMP (p=0.032) was observed. We demonstrated the distinct genetic and epigenetic features between proximal and distal SSAs. Similar genetic and epigenetic features were shared between proximal SSAs and proximal MSI cancers harboring the BRAF mutation. By contrast, our results allow the possibility of carcinogenesis in SSAs leading to MSS cancer with the BRAF mutation.