A Porous Chalcogen-Bonded Organic Framework.

The manner of bonding between constituent atoms or molecules invariably influences the properties of materials. Perhaps no material family is more emblematic of this than porous frameworks, wherein the namesake modes of connectivity give rise to discrete subclasses with unique collections of properties. However, established framework classes often display offsetting advantages and disadvantages for a given application. Thus, there exists no universally applicable material, and the discovery of alternative modes of framework connectivity is highly desirable. Here we show that chalcogen bonding, a subclass of σ-hole bonding, is a viable mode of connectivity in low-density porous frameworks. Crystallization studies with the triptycene tris(1,2,5-selenadiazole) molecular tecton reveal how chalcogen bonding can template high-energy lattice structures and how solvent conditions can be rationalized to obtain molecularly programmed porous chalcogen-bonded organic frameworks (ChOFs). These results provide the first evidence that σ-hole bonding can be used to advance the diversity of porous framework materials.

Hydrating the Bispropionate Notch in Malaria Pigment: A New Structural Motif in the Iron(III)(deuteroporphyrin) Dimer.

Treating deuterohemin, chloro(deuteroporphyrinato)iron(III), with a non-coordinating base in DMSO/methanol allows for the isolation of [(deuteroporphyrinato)iron(III)]2 , deuterohematin anhydride (DHA), an analogue of malaria pigment, the natural product of heme detoxification by malaria. The structure of DHA obtained from this solvent system has been solved by X-ray powder diffraction analysis and displays many similarities, yet important structural differences, to malaria pigment. Most notably, a water molecule of solvation occupies a notch created by the propionate side chains and stabilizes a markedly bent propionate ligand coordinated with a long Fe-O bond, and a carboxylate cluster associated with water molecules is generated. Together, these features account for its increased solubility and more open structure, with an increased porphyrin-porphyrin separation. The IR spectroscopic signature associated with this structure also accounts for the strong IR band at 1587 cm-1 seen for many amorphous preparations of synthetic malaria pigment, and it is proposed that stabilizing these structures may be a new objective for antimalarial drugs. The important role of the vinyl substituents in this biochemistry is further demonstrated by the structure of deuterohemin obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

Mechanochemical routes for the synthesis of acetyl- and bis-(imino)pyridine ligands and organometallics.

Organometallic precatalysts play a pivotal role in organic synthesis. However, their preparation often relies on multiple time, energy, and solvent intensive steps, including the synthesis of supporting organic ligand structures, and finally installation on the desired metal centres. We report the sustainable mechanochemical synthesis of acetyl- and bis-(imino)pyridine pincer complexes, a ubiquitous ligand class for organometallic precatalysts. The approach is extended to the one-pot synthesis of acetyl(imino)pyridine-CoCl2, where the ligand is formed in situ.

Correction: An electron transfer driven magnetic switch: ferromagnetic exchange and spin delocalization in iron verdazyl complexes.

Correction for 'An electron transfer driven magnetic switch: ferromagnetic exchange and spin delocalization in iron verdazyl complexes' by David J. R. Brook et al., Dalton Trans., 2018, 47, 6351-6360.

An electron transfer driven magnetic switch: ferromagnetic exchange and spin delocalization in iron verdazyl complexes.

The verdazyl 'pincer' ligand, 1-isopropyl-3,5-dipyridyl-6-oxoverdazyl (dipyvd), coordinates iron to form a series of pseudooctahedral coordination compounds [Fe(dipyvd)2]n+ (n = 0-3). In the case where n = 2, the molecular geometry and physical and spectral properties are consistent with a low spin (S = 0) iron(ii) ion coordinated by two ferromagnetically coupled radical ligands. Upon one electron reduction, the room temperature effective magnetic moment of the complex jumps from µeff = 2.64 to µeff = 5.86 as a result of spin crossover of the iron atom combined with very strong ferromagnetic coupling of the remaining ligand centered unpaired electron with the metal center. The sign of the exchange is opposite to that observed in other high spin iron/radical ligand systems and appears to be a result of delocalization of the ligand unpaired electron across the whole molecule. The large change in magnetic properties, combined with a delocalized electronic structure and accessible redox potentials, suggests the utility of this and related systems in the development of novel molecular spintronic devices.

Hydrogen-Bonding Effects in Five-Coordinate High-Spin Imidazole-Ligated Iron(II) Porphyrinates.

The influence of hydrogen binding to the N-H group of coordinated imidazole in high-spin iron(II) porphyrinates has been studied. The preparation and characterization of new complexes based on [Fe(TPP)(2-MeHIm)] (TPP is the dianion of tetraphenylporphyrin) are reported. The hydrogen bond acceptors are ethanol, tetramethylene sulfoxide, and 2-methylimidazole. The last acceptor, 2-MeHIm, was found in a crystalline complex with two [Fe(TPP)(2-MeHIm)] sites, only one of which has the 2-methylimidazole hydrogen bond acceptor. This latter complex has been studied by temperature-dependent Mössbauer spectroscopy. All new complexes have also been characterized by X-ray structure determinations. The Fe-NP and Fe-NIm bond lengths, and displacement of the Fe atom out of the porphyrin plane are similar to, but marginally different than, those in imidazole-ligated species with no hydrogen bond. All the structural and Mössbauer properties suggest that these new hydrogen-bonded species have the same electronic configuration as imidazole-ligated species with no hydrogen bond. These new studies continue to show that the effects of hydrogen bonding in five-coordinate high-spin iron(II) systems are subtle and challenging to understand.

Incommensurate density modulation in a Na-rich plagioclase feldspar: Z-contrast imaging and single-crystal X-ray diffraction study.

Plagioclase feldspars are the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust. Intermediate plagioclase feldspars commonly display incommensurately modulated or aperiodic structures. Z-contrast images show both Ca-Na ordering and density modulation. The local structure of lamellae domains has I1-like symmetry. The neighboring lamellae domains are in an inversion twinning relationship. With a state-of-the-art X-ray diffraction unit, second-order satellite reflections (f-reflections) are observed for the first time in andesine (An45), a Na-rich e-plagioclase. The f-reflections indicate a structure with a density modulation which is close to a Ca-rich e-plagioclase. The similarity between this e-andesine structure and previously solved e-labradorite structure is confirmed. Refinement of the structure shows density modulation of ∼ 7 mol % in compositional variation of the anorthite (An) component. The results from Z-contrast imaging and low-temperature single X-ray diffraction (XRD) provide a structure consistent with density modulation. The discovery of f-reflections in Na-rich e-plagioclase extends the composition range of e1 structure with density modulation to as low as at least An45, which is the lower end of the composition range of Bøggild intergrowth. The new result supports the loop-shaped solvus for Bøggild intergrowth, below which is a homogenous stable area for e1 structure in the phase diagram. The phase transition between e2 structure without density modulation and e1 structure with density modulation should happen at low temperature. There is a change in modulation period accompanying the phase transition, as well as higher occupancy of Al in the T1o site. The andesine with density modulation also indicates extremely slow cooling of its host rock.

Chemical Stabilization and Electrochemical Destabilization of the Iron Keggin Ion in Water.

The iron Keggin ion is identified as a structural building block in both magnetite and ferrihydrite, two important iron oxide phases in nature and in technology. Discrete molecular forms of the iron Keggin ion that can be both manipulated in water and chemically converted to the related metal oxides are important for understanding growth mechanisms, in particular, nonclassical nucleation in which cluster building units are preserved in the aggregation and condensation processes. Here we describe two iron Keggin ion structures, formulated as [Bi6FeO4Fe12O12(OH)12(CF3COO)10(H2O)2]3+ (Kegg-1) and [Bi6FeO4Fe12O12(OH)12(CF3COO)12]1+ (Kegg-2). Experimental and simulated X-ray scattering studies show indefinite stability of these clusters in water from pH 1-3. The tridecameric iron Keggin-ion core is protected from hydrolysis by a synergistic effect of the capping Bi3+ cations and the trifluoroacetate ligands that, respectively, bond to the iron and bridge to the bismuth. By introducing electrons to the aqueous solution of clusters, we achieve complete separation of bismuth from the cluster, and the iron Keggin ion rapidly converts to magnetite and/or ferrihydrite, depending on the mechanism of reduction. In this strategy, we take advantage of the easily accessible reduction potential and crystallization energy of bismuth. Reduction was executed in bulk by chemical means, by voltammetry, and by secondary effects of transmission electron microscopy imaging of solutions. Prior, we showed a less stable analogue of the iron Keggin cluster converted to ferrihydrite simply upon dissolution. The prior and currently studied clusters with a range of reactivity provide a chemical system to study molecular cluster to metal oxide conversion processes in detail.

Synthesis and crystal structure of [2,7,12-trimethyl-3,7,11,17-tetra-aza-bicyclo-[11.3.1]hepta-deca-1(17),13,15-triene-κ(4) N]copper(II) bis-(perchlorate).

The title copper(II) complex of a pyridine-containing macrocycle (PyMAC), [Cu(C16H28N4)](ClO4)2, has been prepared. The crystal structure reveals the Cu(II) atom to be octahedrally coordinated by a tetradentate aminopyridine macrocyclic ligand surrounding the metal cation in a square-planar geometry. Two weakly bound perchlorate counter-ions occupy the axial sites above and below the macrocyclic plane. The crystal studied was refined as a two-component pseudo-merohedral twin; the refined fractional contribution of the minor component is 38.77 (8).

Electronic Spectra of the Tetraphenylcyclobutadienecyclopentadienylnickel(II) Cation and Radical.

Properties of the tetraphenylcyclobutadienecyclopentadienylnickel(II) cation 1 and its tetra-o-fluoro derivative 1a have been measured and calculated. The B3LYP/TZP optimized geometry of the free cation 1 agrees with a single-crystal X-ray diffraction structure except that in the crystal one of the phenyl substituents is strongly twisted to permit a close-packing interaction of two of its hydrogens with a nearby BF4(-) anion. The low-energy parts of the solution electronic absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of 1 and 1a have been interpreted by comparison with TD-DFT (B3LYP/TZP) results. Reduction or pulse radiolysis lead to a neutral 19-electron radical, whose visible absorption and MCD spectra have been recorded and interpreted as well. The reduction is facilitated by ∼0.1 V upon going from 1 to 1a. Unsuccessful attempts to prepare several other aryl substituted derivatives of 1 by the classical synthetic route are described in the Supporting Information .

A supramolecular approach for designing emissive solid-state carbazole arrays.

Reactions of 5-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-isophthalate and metal salts provide laminar metal organic frameworks (MOFs) wherein interlayer interactions of the pendant carbazoles engender extended aromatic stacks or non-stacked structures with enhanced solid-state emission. These studies emphasize that MOFs serve as versatile supramolecular platforms to direct the aggregation and electroptical behaviours of organic chromophores.

Bis(cyano) Iron(III) Porphyrinates: What Is the Ground State?

The synthesis of six new bis(cyano) iron(III) porphyrinate derivatives is reported. The anionic porphyrin complexes utilized tetraphenylporphyrin, tetramesitylporphyrin, and tetratolylporphyrin as the porphyrin ligand. The potassium salts of Kryptofix-222 and 18-C-6 were used as the cations. These complexes have been characterized by X-ray structure analysis, solid-state Mössbauer spectroscopy, and EPR spectroscopy, both in frozen CH2Cl2 solution and in the microcrystalline state. These data show that these anionic complexes can exist in either the (dxz,dyz)(4)(dxy)(1) or the (dxy)(2)(dxz,dyz)(3) electronic configuration and some can clearly readily interconvert. This is a reflection that these two states can be very close in energy. In addition to the effects of varying the porphyrin ligand, subtle effects of the cyanide ligand environment in the solid state and in solution are sufficient to shift the balance between the two electronic states.

Au133(SPh-tBu)52 nanomolecules: X-ray crystallography, optical, electrochemical, and theoretical analysis.

Crystal structure determination has revolutionized modern science in biology, chemistry, and physics. However, the difficulty in obtaining periodic crystal lattices which are needed for X-ray crystal analysis has hindered the determination of atomic structure in nanomaterials, known as the "nanostructure problem". Here, by using rigid and bulky ligands, we have overcome this limitation and successfully solved the X-ray crystallographic structure of the largest reported thiolated gold nanomolecule, Au133S52. The total composition, Au133(SPh-tBu)52, was verified using high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The experimental and simulated optical spectra show an emergent surface plasmon resonance that is more pronounced than in the slightly larger Au144(SCH2CH2Ph)60. Theoretical analysis indicates that the presence of rigid and bulky ligands is the key to the successful crystal formation.

Crystal structure of 4-methyl-N-{(E)-meth-yl[(3aR,8aS)-2-oxo-3,3a,8,8a-tetra-hydro-2H-indeno-[1,2-d][1,3]oxazol-3-yl]-λ(4)-sulfanyl-idene}benzene-sulfonamide.

The formulation that the title compound, C18H18N2O4S2, adopts is a zwitterionic core with the charge separated to the sulfilimine S and N atoms and is supported by the two different S-N bond distances about the sulfinimine N atom [1.594 (2) and 1.631 (2) Å, respectively] that are typical for such bonds. The notably unusual bond is S-N(oxazolidinone) [1.692 (2) Å] that is longer than a typical S-N bond [1.603 (18) Å, Mogul analysis; Macrae et al. (2008 ▸). J. Appl. Cryst. 41, 466-470]. The bond-angle sum about sulfilimine sulfur (308.35°) reflects the trigonal-pyramidal geometry of this atom. Two of the angles are less than 100°. Despite the pyramidalization of this sulfur, there are no significant inter-molecular inter-actions, beyond usual van der Waals contacts, in the crystal packing.

Enantiomers of a selective gelatinase inhibitor: (R)- and (S)-2-[(4-phenoxyphenyl)sulfonylmethyl]thiirane.

The compound 2-[(4-phenoxyphenyl)sulfonylmethyl]thiirane, C15H14O3S2, a selective gelatinase inhibitor, was synthesized and structurally characterized. Two crystals were analyzed, one each for the R and S enantiomers, and the results were compared with the previously reported structure of the racemate. The enantiomerically pure compounds both crystallize with Z' = 2 in the space group P21, while the racemic mixture crystallizes with Z' = 1 in the space group P21/c, with disorder in the position of the thiirane group. This disorder accommodates both molecules for each of the enantiomerically pure crystals, showing good overlap of the molecules of the pure enantiomorphs with the components of the centrosymmetric structure.

A tetrameric cage with D2h symmetry through alkyne metathesis.

Shape-persistent covalent organic polyhedrons (COPs) with ethynylene linkers are usually prepared through kinetically controlled cross-coupling reactions. The high-yielding synthesis of ethynylene-linked rigid tetrameric cages via one-step alkyne metathesis from readily accessible triyne precursors is presented. The tetrameric cage contains two macrocyclic panels and exhibits D2h symmetry. The assembly of such a COP is a thermodynamically controlled process, which involves the initial formation of macrocycles as key intermediates followed by the connection of two macrocycles with ethynylene linkages. With a large internal cavity, the cage exhibits a high binding selectivity toward C70 (K = 3.9×10(3) L mol(-1)) over C60 (no noticeable binding).

Use of silver carbonate in the Wittig reaction.

An efficient synthesis of olefins by the coupling of stabilized, semistabilized, and nonstabilized phosphorus ylides with various carbonyl compounds in the presence of silver carbonate is reported. Wittig olefination of aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic aldehydes (yields >63%) and a ketone (yield 42%) are demonstrated. These reactions proceed overnight at room temperature, under weakly basic conditions, and as such extend the applicability of the Wittig reaction to base-sensitive reactants.

Correlated ligand dynamics in oxyiron picket fence porphyrins: structural and Mössbauer investigations.

Disorder in the position of the dioxygen ligand is a well-known problem in dioxygen complexes and, in particular, those of picket fence porphyrin species. The dynamics of Fe-O2 rotation and tert-butyl motion in three different picket fence porphyrin derivatives has been studied by a combination of multitemperature X-ray structural studies and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Structural studies show that the motions of the dioxygen ligand also require motions of the protecting pickets of the ligand binding pocket. The two motions appear to be correlated, and the temperature-dependent change in the O2 occupancies cannot be governed by a simple Boltzmann distribution. The three [Fe(TpivPP)(RIm)(O2)] derivatives studied have RIm = 1-methyl-, 1-ethyl-, or 2-methylimidazole. In all three species there is a preferred orientation of the Fe-O2 moiety with respect to the trans imidazole ligand and the population of this orientation increases with decreasing temperature. In the 1-MeIm and 1-EtIm species the Fe-O2 unit is approximately perpendicular to the imidazole plane, whereas in the 2-MeHIm species the Fe-O2 unit is approximately parallel. This reflects the low energy required for rotation of the Fe-O2 unit and the small energy differences in populating the possible pocket quadrants. All dioxygen complexes have a crystallographically required 2-fold axis of symmetry that limits the accuracy of the determined Fe-O2 geometry. However, the 80 K structure of the 2-MeHIm derivative allowed for resolution of the two bonded oxygen atom positions and provided the best geometric description for the Fe-O2 unit. The values determined are Fe-O = 1.811(5) Å, Fe-O-O = 118.2(9)°, O-O = 1.281(12) Å, and an off-axis tilt of 6.2°. Demonstration of the off-axis tilt is a first. We present detailed temperature-dependent simulations of the Mössbauer spectra that model the changing value of the quadrupole splitting and line widths. Residuals to fits are poorer at higher temperature. We believe that this is consistent with the idea that population of the two conformers is related to the concomitant motions of both Fe-O2 rotations and motions of the protecting tert-butyl pickets.

5-Benz-yloxy-3-methyl-1-tosyl-1H-indole.

The title compound, C23H21NO3S, represents one of the few examples of a 5-substituted indole with a toluene-sulfonyl group bonded to the N atom. The benzyl group adopts a synclinal geometry with respect to the indole ring [dihedral angle = 59.95 (4)°], while the tolyl ring is oriented close to perpendicular to the indole ring, making a dihedral angle of 81.85 (3)°. The indole N atom exhibits a slight pyramidalization.