Development of Urdu version of Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire Self-Administered Standardized (CRQ-SAS); validity and reliability analysis in COPD patients.

PURPOSE: Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire Self-Administered Standardized (CRQ-SAS) is a valid and reliable tool that evaluates the health-related quality of life among the adult population affected with chronic respiratory disorders (CRDs) and has been translated into many languages as per need. The main objective of this study was to translate the CRQ-SAS into the Urdu language and evaluate its psychometric properties. METHODOLOGY: It was a two-staged study that consisted of translating the original version into Urdu language and then psychometric testing of the translated version. The reliability of the translated questionnaire was assessed by measuring its internal consistency, test-retest reliability, standard error of mean (SEM) & minimal detectable change (MDC). Validity was determined by evaluating its content for content validity, construct (convergent and discriminative) validity, and exploratory factor analysis. Data was analyzed using SPSS v 28 with an alpha level < 0.05 considered to be significant. RESULTS: CRQ-SAS U had an excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha α = 0.89), test-retest reliability (ICC2,1) = 0.91 of all items, and low SEM = 0.11 and MDC = 0.65. S-CVI was 0.9, with statistically significant difference across the response of COPD patients and healthy subjects, and a high degree of correlation with St Georges Respiratory Questionnaire (r = 0.7-0.9) proving CRQ-SAS U content, discriminant and convergent valid respectively. Exploratory factor analysis identified two factors responsible for 80% of the variance. CONCLUSION: CRQ-SAS U demonstrated optimal psychometric properties which renders it to be used in Urdu speaking populations with COPD.

Antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracted samples from the leaves and fruits of Capsicum annuum.

The current research describes the antimicrobial potential of methanol, n-hexane, n-butanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracted samples from the leaves and fruits tissues of Capsicum annuum. Different solvent extracted samples were screened against six pathogenic microorganisms including five bacterial and one fungal specie by disc diffusion susceptibility assay using 1, 2 and 3 mg disc-1 concentrations. When analyzed statistically the data showed that different solvent extracted samples from both leaves and fruits of Capsicum annuum revealed varying degrees of antibacterial and antifungal activities. n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracted fractions from both leaves and fruits showed significant inhibition of growth against all the tested microorganisms at 1, 2 and 3 mg disc-1 concentrations. Escherichia coli were completely resistant to aqueous extracts obtained from the leaves at all the three concentrations. Klebsiella pneumonia was resistant to n-hexane extracted fraction from leaves at 1mg disc-1 concentration, however, was susceptible at 2 and 3 mg disc-1 concentrations. The growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were effectively inhibited by all the solvent extracted fractions from the fruits while aqueous fraction was not able to inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis. The growth of Candida albicans was effectively inhibited by ethyl acetate extracted fraction from leaves at 3 mg disc-1 concentration.