The Effect of Sialic Acid on MiR-320a and Let-7e Expression in Human Glial Cell Line.

Introduction: Sialic acid is pivotal in various critical physiological events at molecular and cellular levels and pathological processes. Changes in sialic acid concentration are observed in many pathological processes; for example, some available data exist on the evaluated level of sialic acid and neurodegenerative prevalence. Presumably, sialic acid can play a significant role in regulating a diverse range of uncovered neurodegeneration factors and downstream targets. matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP9) is one factor that changes the exposure of different concentrations of sialic acid solution. Hence, we aimed to examine the possible effect of sialic acid solution exposure on the glial cell line in the expression patterns of miR-320a and let-7e as two upstream factors. Methods: Human glial cell line was prepared from the Pasteur Institute of Iran and cultured in a dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The IC50 value of sialic acid was obtained by colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl (MTT), and the glial cell line was treated with sialic acid in 300, 500, 1000 µg/mL for 24 h to investigate the effect of the sialic acid ligand on the expression pattern of the miR-320a and let-7e. Total RNA was isolated from approximately 10×106 glial cells and was used from each sample for complementary dna (cDNA) synthesis. For quantitative analysis of miR-320a and let-7e, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and for statistical analysis, the SPSS v. 21 software was applied. Results: Analyzing the real-time data revealed that the expression of miR-320a and let-7e was significantly increased (P<0.0001) in 300, 500, and 1000 µg/mL treated glial cells by sialic acid compared to the control group. Conclusion: A possible linkage of sialic acid on miR-320a and let-7e regulation was observed in the glial cell line as proinflammatory factors in the inflammation pathway. Highlights: Differing in sialic acid concentration is seen in various pathological states.MicroRNAs play a role in numerous biological processes and human disorders.miR-320a and let-7e expression levels displayed a significant increase in different sialic acid concentrations. Plain Language Summary: Inflammation in the nervous system occurs because of numerous factors. Sialic acid is an inflammatory factor that promotes cellular inflammation, particularly in the glial cells. That is why it could serve as a useful model for simulating several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's and Multiple sclerosis. Changes in sialic acid concentration are observed in many pathological states, which could be a useful marker for identifying the inflammatory process. The present study was carried out to examine the impact of different concentrations of sialic acid on two non-coding RNAs in glial cells. Our research shows that these two microRNAs greatly increased when responding to sialic acid. We suggest that these two microRNAs are contributed to the neuroinflammatory pathways related to sialic acid.

COVID-19 in HIV-positive patients: A systematic review of case reports and case series.

INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are two viral diseases for which there are currently no definitive treatments. Nowadays, because of the health system's focus on the COVID-19 epidemic, the control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has received less attention. In this review, we will discuss the characteristics of COVID-19 in HIV-positive patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using the PRISMA guideline, the databases of Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched systematically from January 1, 2019 to February 24, 2021. The following keywords were used: "Human Immunodeficiency Virus," "acquired immune deficiency syndrome," "HIV," "AIDS," "COVID-19," "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2," "novel coronavirus," "SARS-CoV-2," "nCoV disease," "SARS2," and "2019-nCoV disease." RESULTS: Twenty-one percent of studies were conducted in the USA (n = 13), 16% in China (n = 10), and 13% in Italy (n = 8), respectively. The majority of the patients were men (74.3%). Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was used in 47.4% of patients, emtricitabine in 58.4%, and lamivudine in 34.8% to treat HIV. Symptoms of HIV patients with COVID-19 included coughing (81.3%), fever (62.8%), and dyspnea (60%). Hydroxychloroquine (39.34%) and azithromycin (36.58%) were the common treatment options for COVID-19. The total death rate in HIV-positive patients with COVID-19 was about 9%. CONCLUSION: In the current systematic review, we demonstrated that HIV-positive patients co-infected with COVID-19 have high comorbidity of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. HIV/COVID-19 co-infection might have negatively influenced the HIV treatment and diagnosis, which indicates the need to regularly screen HIV patients in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Development and Clinical Application of Tumor-derived Exosomes in Patients with Cancer.

A tumor is an abnormal growth of cells within a tissue that can lead to death due to late diagnosis, poor prognosis, drug resistance, and finally enhanced metastasis formation. Exosomes are nanovesicles that have been derived from all the different cell types. These vesicles can transfer various molecules, including the distinct form of nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, and circRNA) and proteins. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) have exceptionally important roles through multiple molecular and cellular pathways like progression, tumorigenesis, drug resistance, and as well as metastasis. TEXs are detectable in all body fluids such as serum and urine, a convenient and non-invasive way to access these nano-sized vesicles. TEXs lead to the symptom expression of genetic aberrations in the tumor cell population, making them an accurate and sensitive biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of tumors. On the other hand, TEXs contain major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) and play important dual roles in regulating tumor immune responses: they can mediate both immune activation and suppression through tumor-associated immunity. Despite numerous scientific studies, there are still many technical barriers to distinguish TEXs from non-tumor-derived exosomes. Even so, removing exosomes leading to a wide difference in outcomes inside a patient's body. Hence, controversial pieces of evidence have demonstrated the vital role of TEXs as hopeful biomarkers for the early detection of cancers, evaluation of therapeutic effects, and monitoring of the patient.

The Hippo signaling pathway in leukemia: function, interaction, and carcinogenesis.

Cancer can be considered as a communication disease between and within cells; nevertheless, there is no effective therapy for the condition, and this disease is typically identified at its late stage. Chemotherapy, radiation, and molecular-targeted treatment are typically ineffective against cancer cells. A better grasp of the processes of carcinogenesis, aggressiveness, metastasis, treatment resistance, detection of the illness at an earlier stage, and obtaining a better therapeutic response will be made possible. Researchers have discovered that cancerous mutations mainly affect signaling pathways. The Hippo pathway, as one of the main signaling pathways of a cell, has a unique ability to cause cancer. In order to treat cancer, a complete understanding of the Hippo signaling system will be required. On the other hand, interaction with other pathways like Wnt, TGF-ß, AMPK, Notch, JNK, mTOR, and Ras/MAP kinase pathways can contribute to carcinogenesis. Phosphorylation of oncogene YAP and TAZ could lead to leukemogenesis, which this process could be regulated via other signaling pathways. This review article aimed to shed light on how the Hippo pathway interacts with other cellular signaling networks and its functions in leukemia.