Psychometric Properties of a Cyberaggression Measure in Mexican Students.

Cyberaggression is an important problem today; it can affect adolescents in different ways. Therefore, reliable and valid measures are necessary to better study the phenomenon. The aim of the present study was to generate validity and reliability evidence for a Spanish-language cyberaggression scale from Garaigordobil, (2017) in a population of 1695 adolescents from northwestern Mexico (51.5% female) between 12- and 15-years-of-age. The results of this study contribute to the research and focus on cyberaggression in adolescents in Mexico. The measure used in this paper detects the different roles, including the bystander, rigorously testing the reliability and validity of the measure, providing a solid tool to evaluate cyberaggression in the Mexican context and guide evidence-based interventions and policies in educational settings.

Probiotic Monotherapy with Lactobacillus reuteri (Prodentis) as a Coadjutant to Reduce Subgingival Dysbiosis in a Patient with Periodontitis.

(1) Background: Probiotics can be considered a non-invasive periodontal monotherapy for the modulation of microbiota when periodontal treatment is not accessible. The aim was to evaluate the ability of Lactobacillus reuteri Prodentis as monotherapy to modulate periodontal parameters and subgingival biofilm dysbiosis. (2) Methods: A 30-year-old patient with periodontitis was followed longitudinally after one month of daily consumption of L. reuteri Prodentis (T0). Periodontal measurements and microbial identification by Checkerboard DNA−DNA hybridization of 40 bacteria were compared between baseline (T0) and 30 days (T1) or 90 days (T2), using the Kruskal−Wallis (KW) and Mann−Whitney U (MW) tests. (3) Results: Low values of pocket depth, attachment level, dental plaque, gingival erythema (GE), and suppuration were observed at T0 vs. T1, with the clinical improvement of GE (p < 0.05, MW) and the recovery of tooth 46 fistulation. T1 vs. T0 comparisons showed lower levels (Lev) or proportions (Prop) of Parvimonas micra (Lev: p < 0.05, MW; Prop: p < 0.01, MW) and Streptococcus gordonii (Prop: p < 0.05, MW), and a predominance (Lev/Prop) of Actinomyces odontolyticus and Streptococcus mitis; lower levels and proportions of P. micra, Eubacterium saburreum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia were observed in tooth 46 (T1/T2 vs. T0). (4) Conclusions: Under monotherapy with L. reuteri Prodentis, periodontal measurements of the patient were maintained, with selective changes in the subgingival microbiota that were proportional to the time of probiotic administration, with any additional periodontal treatment.

Depresión, desregulación emocional y estrategias de afrontamiento en adolescentes con conductas de autolesión / Depression, emotional dysregulation and coping strategies in adolescents with self-injurious behaviors

Resumen En México, el estudio de la autolesión cuenta con pocas investigaciones, y menos si se trata de estudios que conformen posibles modelos explicativos. Teniendo esto en cuenta, en el presente trabajo se planteó como objetivo conocer la relación de la autolesión con la depresión, la desregulación emocional y los estilos de afrontamiento, con el fin de generar un modelo explicativo de la problemática. El estudio se realizó a partir de un diseño cuantitativo, transversal y con alcance explicativo, y se contó con una muestra de 5835 adolescentes (M edad = 11-15 años) inscritos en 62 secundarias públicas del estado de Sonora. Se realizaron regresiones logísticas para el análisis de los datos, y como resultado se encontró que, para los estudiantes con autolesión severa (3.54 %), el modelo explica el 61 % de la varianza en los datos (R1 de Nagelkerke = .61) y clasifica correctamente al 84.1 % de los participantes; mientras que, en la autolesión leve (5.29 %), el modelo explica el 72 % de la varianza en los datos (R2 de Nagelkerke = .72) y clasifica correctamente al 88.2 % de los estudiantes. Asimismo, las dimensiones de depresión mostraron el mayor nivel explicativo (cognitiva-afectiva, somática) y correlaciones positivas con la desregulación emocional y el estilo de afrontamiento de evitación, así como correlaciones negativas con el estilo de afrontamiento de aproximación. Al final se discute respecto a la importancia de las variables independientes para futuras investigaciones, y sobre los resultados anómalos y otros datos de interés.

Abstract In Mexico, there is little research on the study of self-injury and even less on possible explanatory models. With this in mind, this study aimed to determine the relationship between self-injury and depression, emotional dysregulation, and coping styles, to generate an explanatory model of the problem. The study was carried out using a quantitative, cross-sectional, explanatory scope, design and a sample of 5835 adolescents (Mage = 11-15 years) enrolled in 62 public high schools in the state of Sonora. Logistic regressions were performed for data analysis, and as a result it was found that, for students with severe self-injury (3.54 %), the model explains 61 % of the variance in the data (Nagelkerke's R2 = .61) and correctly classifies 84.1 % of the participants; whereas, in mild self-injury (5.29 %), the model explains 72 % of the variance in the data (Nagelkerke's R2 = .72) and correctly classifies 88.2 % of the students. Likewise, the depression dimensions showed the highest explanatory level (cognitive-affective, somatic) and positive correlations with emotional dysregulation and avoidance coping style, as well as negative correlations with approach coping style. At the end, the importance of the independent variables for future research is discussed, as well as anomalous results and other data of interest.

Characterization System for Heat-Energy to Electric-Energy Conversion from Concrete by Means of a Thermoelectric Module.

The present work describes the implementation of a prototype to characterize thermoelectric modules (TEM). The goal is to study the energy conversion by means of thermoelectric modules mounted on concrete structures. The proposed experimental system is used for the electrical characterization of a commercially available thermoelectric module TEC1-12710 to prove its operation while embedded in a concrete slab, typical of building constructions. In this case, the parameters that define thermal energy conversion into electrical energy are open-circuit voltage generation, loaded circuit voltage generation, and load current. A known external load is connected to the terminals of the TEM for the purpose of its electric characterization. An electrical heating element on the hot side and a thermoelectric cooler on the cold side produce a temperature difference on the concrete slab. This arrangement allows the emulation of a temperature gradient produced by sunlight over a concrete structure. The objective is to measure the resulting electrical energy produced by the combination of concrete slab and the thermoelectric module. By controlling the temperature difference between the sides of the thermoelectric module under test, it is possible to simulate the effect of the temperature gradient under different sunlight conditions. Two digital PI controllers regulate the temperature conditions, thus providing controlled conditions for the experiments.

Familia, escuela y comunidad en relación a la violencia escolar en secundaria: Revisión sistemática / Family, school and neighborhood associated with middle school violence: Systematic review / Família, escola e comunidade em relação à violência escolar na escola secundária: Revisão sistemática

RESUMEN El objetivo fue dar a conocer los estudios que se han realizado desde el 2014 al 2019, donde se relacionan variables contextúales del estudiante de secundaria con la violencia escolar. Las bases de datos seleccionadas fueron SCOPUS, EBSCOhost y SciELO; se utilizaron términos afines al contexto familiar escolar y comunitario; se aplicaron filtros para acotar la búsqueda en acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión refiriendo a investigaciones arbitradas con diseño cuantitativo, causales, transversales en inglés o español en disciplinas de ciencias sociales. Resultaron 32 artículos que reflejan las variables de comunicación parental, clima escolar, exposición de violencia y apego a la comunidad, como las más relevantes para explicar violencia escolar Se concluyó en el consenso del modelo ecológico de Bronfenbrenner para involucrar conceptos de diferentes niveles factoriales de la violencia escolar ya que no se suele analizar elementos de los diversos contextos de manera conjunta. También se optó por realizar modelos causales que permitan predecir o identificar factores de riesgo y protección, incluyendo aspectos de comunidad. Por último, resalta la importancia de examinar al observador y aquellas variables que impulsan a defender a la víctima.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this review was to publicize the studies that have been carried out from 2014 to 2019 where contextual variables of the high school student are related to school violence. The selected databases were SCOPUS, EBSCOhost and SciELO where terms related to the family school and community context were used. Filters were applied to narrow the search according to the inclusion criteria referring to arbitrated research with a quantitative, causal, transversal design in English or Spanish in social science disciplines. 32 articles were found that showed that the most relevant variables to explain school violence were parental communication, school climate, exposure of violence and attachment to the community. It was concluded in the consensus of the Bronfenbrenner ecological model to involve concepts of different factorial levels of school violence, since elements from different contexts are not usually analyzed together: Also, is necessary to make causal models including community aspects that allows predict and identify risk and protector factors. Lastly, the importance of examining the bystander and those variables that drive to defend the victim.

RESUMO O objetivo era divulgar os estudos que foram realizados de 2014 a 2019, onde as variáveis contextuais do aluno do ensino médio estão relacionadas à violência escolar As bases de dados selecionadas foram SCOPUS, EBSCOhost e SciELO; foram utilizados termos relacionados ao contexto familiar escolar e comunitário; filtros foram aplicados para restringir a pesquisa de acordo com os critérios de inclusão referentes à pesquisa de referência com design quantitativo, causal, transversal em inglês ou espanhol em disciplinas de ciências sociais. Foram encontrados 32 artigos que refletem as variáveis de comunicação dos pais, clima escolar exposição à violência e apego à comunidade como os mais relevantes para explicar a violência escolar O consenso do modelo ecológico de Bronfenbrenner foi alcançado para envolver conceitos de diferentes níveis fatoriais de violência escolar uma vez que elementos de diferentes contextos não são geralmente analisados em conjunto. Também foi decidido desenvolver modelos causais que permitam prever ou identificar fatores de risco e proteção, incluindo aspectos da comunidade. Finalmente, destaca a importância de examinar o observador e aquelas variáveis que impulsionam a defesa da vítima.

Spatially and optically tailored 3D printing for highly miniaturized and integrated microfluidics.

Traditional 3D printing based on Digital Light Processing Stereolithography (DLP-SL) is unnecessarily limiting as applied to microfluidic device fabrication, especially for high-resolution features. This limitation is due primarily to inherent tradeoffs between layer thickness, exposure time, material strength, and optical penetration that can be impossible to satisfy for microfluidic features. We introduce a generalized 3D printing process that significantly expands the accessible spatially distributed optical dose parameter space to enable the fabrication of much higher resolution 3D components without increasing the resolution of the 3D printer. Here we demonstrate component miniaturization in conjunction with a high degree of integration, including 15 µm × 15 µm valves and a 2.2 mm × 1.1 mm 10-stage 2-fold serial diluter. These results illustrate our approach's promise to enable highly functional and compact microfluidic devices for a wide variety of biomolecular applications.

Qualidade de Vida e Estratégias de Coping de Gestantes de Alto Risco e Risco Habitual / Calidad de vida y estrategias de afrontamiento de embarazadas de alto riesgo y riesgo habitual / Quality of life and coping strategies of high-risk and average-risk pregnant women

Resumo A gestação tem recebido pouca atenção quanto às modificações normais percebidas nos domínios físicos e psicológicos do estado da saúde da mulher e de sua qualidade de vida, embora seja um evento comum na vida reprodutiva feminina. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de vida e as estratégias de enfrentamento das gestantes de alto risco e risco habitual, do segundo e do terceiro trimestres de gestação, do município de Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Participaram 79 gestantes, das quais 32 eram de alto risco e 47, de risco habitual, com idade média de 24,6 anos; aplicou-se um questionário de qualidade de vida e outro de enfrentamento. As gestantes de alto risco apresentam maior qualidade de vida nos domínios saúde/funcionamento e família; desse modo, em todos os fatores significativos de enfrentamento. Observa-se a necessidade de acompanhamento dessas participantes em programas especiais inseridos no pré-natal, a fim de contribuir para o enfrentamento da gestação.

Resumen La gestación ha recibido poca atención en cuanto a las modificaciones percebidas en los dominios físico y psicológico del estado de la salud de la mujer y su calidad de vida, aun siendo un evento común en la vida reproductiva femenina. El propósito del estudio fue evaluar la calidad de vida y las estrategias de afrontamiento de gestantes de alto y habitual riesgo durante el segundo y tercer trimestres de gestación en el municipio de Dorados (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil). Participaron 79 gestantes, siendo 32 de alto riesgo y 47 de riesgo habitual, con promedio de edad de 24,6 años; a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario de calidad de vida y otro de enfrentamiento. Las embarazadas de alto riesgo presentan mayor calidad de vida en los dominios de Salud/ Funcionamiento y Familia; asimismo, en todos los factores significativos de enfrentamiento. Se observa la necesidad de acompañamiento de las participantes en programas especiales que son incluidos en el prenatal con el fin de contribuir al enfrentamiento de la gestación.

Abstract Pregnancy has received little attention in terms of the perceived changes in the physical and psychological domain of women's health status and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of life and coping strategies of pregnant women during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, in the municipality of Dourados (Mato Grosso do Sul). A total of 79 pregnant women participated in the study, 32 of whom were high-risk and 47 average risk, with an average age of 24.6 years; to whom a quality of life questionnaire and a coping questionnaire were applied. High-risk pregnant women have higher quality of life in the Health/Functioning and Family domains; likewise, in all the significant coping factors. It is observed the need to accompany participants in special programs that are included in the prenatal period in order to contribute to coping with pregnancy.

Biological dose tapering in daily clinical practice: a 10 year follow-up study / Optimización de la dosis de biológicos en práctica clínica: experiencia de 10 años

OBJECTIVE: To describe practice patterns, long-term outcome, and related factors, in relation to biological therapies tapering in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in a well-controlled real-world setting. METHODS: An observational longitudinal retrospective 10-year study was conducted in all RA patients receiving biological agents in an RA clinic from May 2003 to October 2013. Biological treatment of patients with sustained DAS28<3.2 or SDAI<11 was tapered (dose down-titrated or interval widen) or discontinued as per practice protocol. Primary outcome of tapering was relapse, defined as an increase in DAS28≥1.2. Descriptive, survival analysis, and logistic regression analysis with first relapse as dependent variable were carried out. RESULTS: Of 193 RA patients on biological treatment (mean age 54±14 years, 81% women), tapering was applied in 106 (55%) and discontinuation in 34 (17.6%). During follow-up 38 patients relapsed (62%). Rate of relapse was 10% at 6 months, 19% at 12 months, 33.2% at 2 years and 50% after 5 years. Mean time in dose reduction was 4.5 years [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 3.7-5.3]. Six patients (15.7%) did not respond after reinstatement of full dose of biologic. In the multivariate analysis, pain [OR=1.26 (95% CI: 1.11-1.43); P<.001] and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) [OR=1.01 (95% CI: 1.00-1.03); P=.011] at baseline were associated with relapse after tapering. CONCLUSIONS: Tapering may be considered a long-term option in RA patients on biologics and low disease activity, especially if low ESR and pain scores are present at baseline; treatment reinstatement could be considered a safe option in case of relapse

OBJETIVO: Describir los patrones de práctica clínica, los resultados a largo plazo y los factores relacionados en relación a la optimización de las terapias biológicas en pacientes con artritis reumatoide (AR) en un entorno de vida real bien controlado. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo observacional longitudinal de 10 años que incluyó a todos los pacientes con AR que recibieron agentes biológicos en una consulta monográfica de AR entre mayo de 2003 y octubre de 2013. Se optimizó el tratamiento biológico (ajuste de dosis o ampliación de intervalo) en los pacientes con DAS28<3,2 o SDAI<11 de forma mantenida según un protocolo de práctica clínica. La variable principal fue la recaída, definida como un aumento en el DAS28≥1,2. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, de supervivencia y modelos de regresión logística con la primera recaída como variable dependiente. RESULTADOS: De 193 pacientes con AR en tratamiento biológico (edad media 54±14 años, 81% mujeres), se optimizó la dosis en 106 (55%) y se interrumpió el tratamiento en 34 (17,6%). Durante el seguimiento 38 pacientes recayeron (62%). La tasa de recaída fue del 10% a los 6 meses, del 19% a los 12 meses, del 33,2% a los 2 años y del 50% a los 5 años. El tiempo medio con dosis reducida fue de 4 años y medio (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%]: 3,7 a 5,3). Seis pacientes (15,7%) no respondieron después de restablecer la dosis completa de biológico. En el análisis multivariado, el dolor (OR=1,26 [IC 95%: 1,11 a 1,43]; p < 0,001) y la velocidad de sedimentación globular (VSG) (OR por mm/h=1,01 [IC 95%: 1,00 a 1,03]; p = 0,011) al inicio del estudio se asociaron a recaída tras la optimización. CONCLUSIONES: La optimización de la dosis se puede considerar una opción a largo plazo en pacientes con AR en tratamiento con agentes biológicos y baja actividad de la enfermedad, especialmente si la VSG y el dolor están en niveles bajos; la reinstauración del tratamiento podría considerarse una opción segura en caso de recaída en la mayoría de los pacientes

Preconceito racial entre crianças da educação infantil: Revisitando Clark & Clark (1947) / Racial Prejudice among Children of Early Childhood Education: Revisiting Clark & Clark (1947) / Prejuicio racial entre niños de la educación infantil: Revisitando Clark & Clark (1947)

Resumo O preconceito racial entre crianças é um tema sumamente importante para explorar a gênese desse vírus social. No entanto, poucos pesquisadores no Brasil se interessaram pela temática. O objetivo principal desse trabalho é replicar o experimento clássico de Clark e Clark (1947). Participaram 99 crianças paraibanas, negras (51) e brancas (48). Cerca de 86,9% das crianças escolheram a boneca branca para brincar; 78,8% das crianças consideram a boneca branca como a boa; 76,8% escolheram a boneca negra como má; 92,9% das crianças escolheram boneca de branca como a legal; 84,8% das crianças disseram que a boneca branca se parece com ela; 85,9% disseram que fariam atividade para nota com a boneca branca. Os principais resultados denunciam o preconceito de cor em crianças no ambiente escolar. Espera-se que novos estudos ressaltem a temática do preconceito racial entre crianças escolares, destacando o papel da mídia, da família e da escola.

Abstract The racial prejudice among children is an extremely important issue in exploring the genesis of this social virus. However, few researchers in Brazil were interested in the subject. The main objective of this paper is to replicate the classic Clark and Clark´s experiment (1947). Ninety-nine children from Paraíba, black (51) and white (48) participated. About 86.9% of the children chose the white doll to play with; 78.8% of the children considered the white doll as the good one; 76.8% chose the black doll as the bad one; 92.9% of the children considered the white doll as the nice one; 84.8% of the children indicated that the white doll looks like them; 85.9% stated that they would do academic activity with the white doll. The main results denounce the color prejudice in children in the school environment. More studies are expected to highlight racial prejudice among school-age children, highlighting the role of the media, the family and the school.

Resumen El prejuicio racial entre niños es un tema sumamente importante para explorar la génesis de este virus social. Sin embargo, pocos investigadores en Brasil se han interesado por la temática. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es replicar el experimento clásico de Clark y Clark (1947) sobre la génesis y el desarrollo de la identificación racial en función de la autoconciencia en los niños negros1. Participaron 99 niños paraibanos, negros (51) y blancos (48). Cerca de 86,9% de los niños eligieron la muñeca blanca para jugar; 78,8% de los niños consideran la muñeca blanca como la buena; 76,8% eligió la muñeca negra como mala; 92,9% de los niños eligieron muñeca blanca como la agradable; 84,8% de los niños señaló que la muñeca blanca se parece a ellos; 85,9% afirmó que realizarían actividad académica con la muñeca blanca. Los principales resultados denuncian el prejuicio de color en niños en el ambiente escolar. Se espera que más estudios resalten los prejuicios raciales entre los niños en edad escolar, destacando el papel de los medios de comunicación, la familia y la escuela.

Biological Dose Tapering in Daily Clinical Practice: A 10 Year Follow-up Study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe practice patterns, long-term outcome, and related factors, in relation to biological therapies tapering in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in a well-controlled real-world setting. METHODS: An observational longitudinal retrospective 10-year study was conducted in all RA patients receiving biological agents in an RA clinic from May 2003 to October 2013. Biological treatment of patients with sustained DAS28<3.2 or SDAI<11 was tapered (dose down-titrated or interval widen) or discontinued as per practice protocol. Primary outcome of tapering was relapse, defined as an increase in DAS28≥1.2. Descriptive, survival analysis, and logistic regression analysis with first relapse as dependent variable were carried out. RESULTS: Of 193 RA patients on biological treatment (mean age 54±14 years, 81% women), tapering was applied in 106 (55%) and discontinuation in 34 (17.6%). During follow-up 38 patients relapsed (62%). Rate of relapse was 10% at 6 months, 19% at 12 months, 33.2% at 2 years and 50% after 5 years. Mean time in dose reduction was 4.5 years [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 3.7-5.3]. Six patients (15.7%) did not respond after reinstatement of full dose of biologic. In the multivariate analysis, pain [OR=1.26 (95% CI: 1.11-1.43); P<.001] and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) [OR=1.01 (95% CI: 1.00-1.03); P=.011] at baseline were associated with relapse after tapering. CONCLUSIONS: Tapering may be considered a long-term option in RA patients on biologics and low disease activity, especially if low ESR and pain scores are present at baseline; treatment reinstatement could be considered a safe option in case of relapse.

Validación y confiabilidad de una escala para medir violencia docente en Sonora, México / Validation and Reliability of a Scale to Measure Teacher Violence in Sonora, México / Validação e confiabilidade de uma escada para medir violência docente em Sonora, México

Resumen Objetivo. Validar una escala a través de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem, que proporcione información acerca de las conductas violentas que emplean los maestros contra los alumnos, según la percepción de estos, identificando el tipo de violencia emitida. Método. Se seleccionaron 1536 estudiantes de 14 escuelas secundarias de zonas vulnerables en siete localidades del Estado de Sonora (México). Los tres grados de este nivel fueron partícipes del estudio. Se utilizó la Escala de Violencia Docente tipo Likert para medir el tipo de agresión, y el Indicador General de Violencia (IGV) para obtener una visión general de violencia. Resultados. Se aplicó el modelo de Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem y el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) para obtener información acerca de la percepción de los alumnos de secundaria sobre los diferentes tipos de violencia de los docentes. Se obtuvieron cuatro dimensiones: violencia física, humillación, sexual y burla, con un alfa de Cronbach de 0.87, 0.82, 0.85 y 0.85, respectivamente; varianza total explicada de 46.42 %, e índices de bondad de ajuste de CMIN/DF: 3.08, CFI: 0.92, RMSEA: 0.05, SRMR: 0.04, GFI: 0.89 y AIC: 1369. Conclusión. La Escala de Violencia Docente resultó en un modelo de cuatro dimensiones, válido y confiable, para estudiantes de secundaria preadolescentes, en zonas de riesgo de violencia intrafamiliar.

Abstract Objective. To validate a scale through the Theory of Response to the Item that provides information about the violent behaviors that teachers use against students according to the perception of those identifying the type of violence. Method. 1536 students from 14 secondary schools in vulnerable areas in seven localities of the State of Sonora, the three grades from this level participated. The Scale of Teaching Violence, a Likert type scale, was used to measure aggression type and the General Violence Indicator (IGV) to get an overview of violence. Results. The model of Item Response Theory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to obtain information about the perception that secondary school students have about the different types of teacher violence. Four dimensions were obtained (physical violence, humiliation, sexual and mockery) with Cronbach's alpha of 0.87, 0.82, 0.85 and 0.85, respectively, total explained variance of 46.42 % and goodness-of-fit indexes of CMIN / DF: 3.08, CFI: 0.92, RMSEA: 0.05, SRMR: 0.04, GFI: 0.89 and AIC: 1369. Conclusion. The teacher violence scale resulted in a four-dimensional model, valid and reliable, for pre-adolescent secondary school students, from areas at risk of intrafamiliar violence.

Resumo Escopo. Validar uma escada a través da Teoria de Resposta ao Item, que forneça informação sobre as condutas violentas que empregam os mestres contra os alunos, segundo a percepção de estes, identificando o tipo de violência emitida. Metodologia. Foram selecionados 1536 estudantes de 14 escolas secundarias de zonas vulneráveis em sete localidades do Estado de sonora (México). Os três grados de este nível foram partícipes do estudo. Foi utilizada a Escada de Violência Docente tipo Likert para medir o tipo de agressão, e o indicador Geral de violência (IGV) para obter uma visão geral de violência. Resultados. Foi aplicado o modelo de Teoria de Resposta ao Item e a Análises fatorial Confirmatória (AFC) para obter informação sobre a percepção dos alunos de secundaria sobre os diferentes tipos de violência dos docentes. Foram obtidas quatro dimensões: violência física, humilhação, sexual e burla, com um alfa de Cronbach de 0.87, 0.82, 0.85 e 0.5, respetivamente; variação total explicada de 46.42%, e índices de bondade de ajuste de CMIN/DF: 3.08, CFI: 0.92, RMSEA: 0.05, SRMR: 0.04, GFI:0.89 e AIC: 1369. Conclusão. A Escada de Violência Docente resultou num modelo de quatro dimensões, válido e confiável, para estudantes de secundaria pré-adolescentes, em zonas de risco de violência intrafamiliar.

Shame, Empathy, Coping and School Safety of the Bystanders in Situations of Bullying / Embaraço, Empatia, Confronto e Segurança Escolar do Observadores em Situações de Bullying / Vergüenza, Empatía, Enfrentamiento y Seguridad Escolar de los Observadores en Situaciones de Acoso Escolar

Abstract Unjustified aggression is a problem that exists in schools and represents an obstacle for achieving the goals pursued by education. The goal of this article is to explain how shame, empathy, coping style and school safety discriminate between defensive and reinforcing observers in the face of a hypothetical situation of school bullying. 505 students from public, technical and federal secondary schools of the State of Sonora with ages ranging from 12 to 17 years participated in this study. Of this sample 131 were considered defenders and 374 reinforcers. The results show that the recognition of shame, affective empathy, confrontative coping and school safety explain up to 71.4% the differences between the defensive observers and the reinforcers. It is concluded that the variables considered as predictors can differentiate between the types of observers and represent a valuable contribution in the analysis of bullying as a group process.

Resumo A agressão injustificada é um problema que está presente nas escolas e representa um obstáculo para atingir as finalidades que a educação persegue. O objetivo deste artigo é explicar como a vergonha, a empatia, o tipo de enfrentamento e a segurança escolar discriminam entre observadores defensores y reforçadores perante uma situação hipotética de assédio escolar. Participaram 505 estudantes de secundária de escolas públicas, técnicas e federais do Estado de Sonora com idades que vão desde os 12 até os 17 anos. Deste modo, 131 foram considerados defensores e 374 reforçadores. Os resultados mostram que o reconhecimento da vergonha, a empatia afetiva, o enfrentamento revalorativo e a segurança escolar explicam até em 71.4% as diferenças entre os observadores defensores e os reforçadores. Conclui-se que las variáveis consideradas como preditoras servem para diferenciar entre os tipos de observadores e significam uma contribuição valiosa na análise do assédio como um processo grupal.

Resumen La agresión injustificada es un problema que está presente en las escuelas y representa un obstáculo para alcanzar los fines que la educación persigue. El objetivo de este artículo es explicar cómo la vergüenza, la empatía, el estilo de enfrentamiento y la seguridad escolar discriminan entre observadores defensores y reforzadores ante una situación hipotética de acoso escolar. Participaron 505 estudiantes de secundarias públicas, técnicas y federales del Estado de Sonora con edades que van de los 12 a los 17 años. De esta muestra 131 fueron considerados defensores y 374 reforzadores. Los resultados demuestran que el reconocimiento de la vergüenza, la empatía afectiva, el enfrentamiento revalorativo y la seguridad escolar explican hasta el 71.4% las diferencias entre los observadores defensores y los reforzadores. Se concluye que las variables consideradas como predictoras sirven para diferenciar entre los tipos de observadores y significan un aporte valioso en el análisis del acoso como un proceso grupal.

Encuesta BIARE 2012: Análisis del bienestar subjetivo de los mexicanos y modelamiento estructural / BIARE survey 2012: subjective analysis related to mexican people well-being and structural modeling

Resumen Objetivo: El bienestar de una sociedad es un constructo considerado como multidimensional (componentes objetivos y subjetivos). La encuesta nacional de Bienestar Autorreportado (BIARE) se diseñó para evaluar el bienestar de la población mexicana. No obstante, no se ha explorado la estructura y relación que tienen los módulos (sub-escalas) para explicar el bienestar de los mexicanos. Así, el objetivo del estudio es explorar la estructura y relación que tienen los módulos en la encuesta BIARE, 2012 (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía [INEGI], 2012) mediante modelamiento estructural. Método: Se realizó análisis de datos secundarios de la base BIARE, la cual es aleatoria y representativa a nivel nacional. Participaron 10.654 ciudadanos con un rango de edad entre 18 y 70 años; 5.967 eran mujeres y 4.687 hombres. Resultados: Se encontraron tres modelos. En un primer modelo se concibió la variable latente Bienestar general asociada con variables empíricas Solvencia, Felicidad, Satisfacción y Autodeterminación. En un segundo modelo se proponen dos variables latentes: 1) Bienestar percibido, asociada a tres variables empíricas; a) Satisfacción con la vida, b) Autodeterminación y c) Felicidad; 2) Socio-cultura, relacionada también con tres variables empíricas: a) Altruismo, b) Cultivado y c) Relaciones virtuales. Un tercer modelo de trayectorias para variables latentes mostró ajustes satisfactorios que explican relaciones entre la variable Felicidad con Solvencia, Satisfacción y Autodeterminación, consecutivamente. Conclusiones: La información que se puede obtener del cuestionario BIARE es relevante para evaluar la percepción de los ciudadanos y el entorno inmediato, como la familia. Pero no permite una evaluación precisa sobre la contribución de los factores meso y macro-sociales en el bienestar de los mexicanos. Es necesario que BIARE integre un modelo multidimensional de bienestar.

Abstract Objective: The National Self-Reported Well-being Survey (BIARE) was designed to assess well-being in mexican population, considering well-being of a society as a multidimensional construct (objective and subjective components). However, the structure and relationship between modules (sub-scales) to explain mexican well-being has not been explored yet. Thus, this study aims to explore the structure and relationship among those sub-scales based on the BIARE survey 2012 (INEGI, 2012) through structural modeling. Method: BIARE, Secondary data analysis, which is random and representative of Mexican people was conducted; 10.654 citizens, who were between 18 and 70 years were sampled; 5.967 women and 4.687 men. Results: As a result, three models were found. In a first model, the latent variable related to general well-being associated with empirical variables such as: solvency, happiness, satisfaction and self-determination were considered. In a second model, two latent variables are proposed: 1) Perceived well-being, associated with three empirical variables as follows: a) life Satisfaction b) Self-determination and c) Happiness; 2) Socioculture, also related to three empirical variables, which are: a) Selflessness, b) Cultivated relationships and c) Virtual relationships. A third model of trajectories for latent variables showed adjustments that explain relations among variable Happiness with Solvency, Satisfaction and Self-determination. Conclusions: The information that can be obtained from BIARE questionnaire is relevant to evaluate citizens´s perception and immediate environment, like family. But it does not allow for an accurate assessment about contribution of meso and macro-social factors on mexican´s well-being. It is necessary that BIARE integrate a multidimensional model of well-being.

Recursos de ajuste psicosocial y su relación con la satisfacción con la vida en jóvenes de México / Psychosocial Adjustment Resources and their Relationship with Life Satisfaction in Young People / Recursos de ajuste psicossocial e sua relação com a satisfação com a vida em jovens do México

Resumen Objetivo. Determinar el valor explicativo de los recursos de ajuste psicosocial sobre la satisfacción con la vida, en un grupo de estudiantes egresados de bachillerato. Método. La muestra se seleccionó de un total de 117271 jóvenes que egresaron en 2016 de la educación media superior en los municipios de Navojoa, Hermosillo y Ciudad Obregón, en México. La muestra final estuvo conformada por 2237 participantes, quienes respondieron a cuatro medidas de ajuste psicosocial (autoconcepto, locus de control, afrontamiento y orientación al éxito) y un cuestionario de satisfacción con la vida. Para el análisis de los datos se realizó un modelo de regresión lineal. Resultados. Se encontró que el modelo de regresión final sugiere que el autoconcepto positivo (P = 0.62) y el afrontamiento positivo (P = 0.14) predicen la satisfacción con la vida en los jóvenes egresados de la educación media (R 2 = 0.63). Conclusión. Se observó que el autoconcepto es la variable de mayor determinación sobre la satisfacción con la vida de estos jóvenes, de ahí que su ajuste se relacione fundamentalmente con el autoconcepto, el locus de control y las formas de enfrentar los problemas, variables que deberían considerarse al momento de promover una transición adecuada del bachiller a la educación superior.

Abstract Objective. The present study objective is to determine the explanatory value of psychosocial adjustment resources on life satisfaction in a group of high school graduates. Method. The sample was selected from a total of 117271 young people, who in 2016, graduated from upper secondary education in the municipalities of Navojoa, Hermosillo and Ciudad Obregón, in Mexico. The final sample consisted of 2237 participants, who responded to four measures of psychosocial adjustment (self-concept, locus of control, coping and orientation to success) and a questionnaire of life satisfaction. For the data analysis, a linear regression model was performed. Results. The final regression model suggests that the positive self-concept (P = 0.62) and positive coping (P = 0.14) predict life satisfaction in the high school graduates (R2 = 0.63). Conclusion. The self-concept is the variable with the greatest determination about life satisfaction in the sample. On the other hand, the adjustment profile of adolescents fundamentally depends on their self-concept, their locus of control and their ways of facing the problems, which should be considered in order to promote an adequate transition from high school to higher education.

Resumo Escopo. O presente trabalho tem como escopo determinar o valor explicativo dos recursos de ajuste psicossocial sobre a satisfação com a vida, em um grupo de estudantes graduados do bacharelado. Metodologia. A amostra foi selecionada de um total de 117271 jovens, que graduaram-se no 2016 da educação média-superior nos municípios de Navojoa, Hermosillo e Ciudad Obregón, no México. A amostra final esteve conformada por 2237 participantes, os quais responderam a quatro medidas de ajuste psicossocial (autoconceito, locus de controle, afrontamento e orientação ao sucesso) e um questionário de satisfação com a vida. Para a análise dos dados foi feito um modelo de regressão lineal. Resultados. O modelo de regressão final sugere que o autoconceito positivo (P = 0.62) e o afrontamento positivo (P = 0.14) predizem a satisfação com a vida nos jovens graduados da educação média (R2 = 0.63). Conclusão. O autoconceito é a variável de maior determinação sobre a satisfação com a vida de estes jovens, enquanto, seu ajuste está relacionado fundamentalmente com o autoconceito, o locus de controle e as formas de enfrentar problemas, variáveis que deveriam ser consideradas ao momento de promover uma transição adequada do bacharel à educação superior.

Niñez y crianza en una zona rural tseltal en Altos de Chiapas* / Childhood and child-rearing in a Tzeltal indigenous rural area in Los Altos de Chiapas / A infancia na zona rural indígena tseltal em Altos de Chiapas

Resumen (descriptivo): Estudio de enfoque cualitativo de corte fenomenológico sobre las características de las prácticas y estilos de crianza de madres con niños y niñas de 1 a 6 años de edad, en una zona de Oxchuc, Chiapas, México, hablantes de la lengua tseltal. Seleccionamos 20 mujeres de la comunidad y les hicimos entrevistas semiestructuradas y observación participante. Los resultados indican un papel preponderante del chulel en el desarrollo infantil. El trabajo y el mundo ritual son referentes para los procesos de enseñanza de la niñez. Resaltamos la importancia de observar los juegos e interacciones sociales sin establecer condiciones adultas en lo lúdico. Castigan física y verbalmente la falta de respeto y el desobedecimiento de instrucciones. Proponemos un modelo conceptual alternativo para describir los procesos de crianza en esta zona indígena.

Abstract (descriptive): This paper describes a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach that investigates the characteristics of the parenting practices and styles of mothers with children aged 1-6 years in an area of Oxchuc, Chiapas, Mexico, who speak the Tzeltal language. 20 women were selected from the community and were the subjects of semi-structured interviews and participant observation. The results indicate the important role of chulel (souls or spirits) in child development. Work and the world of rituals are reference points for the education of children. The researchers observed the importance of children's games and social interactions without adults setting the rules. Lack of respect for others and not knowing how to follow instructions is physically and verbally punished. An alternative conceptual model is proposed to describe the child-rearing processes in this indigenous region.

Resumo (descriptivo): Trata-se de um estudo de enfoque qualitativo de corte fenomenológico sobre as características das práticas e estilos de criação de mães com crianças de 1 a 6 anos de idade, na zona de Oxchuc, Chiapas, México, falantes da língua tseltal. Foram selecionadas 20 mulheres da comunidade, com as quais foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas e observação participante. Os resultados indicam um papel preponderante do chulel no desenvolvimento infantil. Ressalta-se a importância de se observar os jogos e interações sociais sem se estabelecer condições dos adultos no lúdico. Foram observados castigos físicos e verbais pela a falta de respeito e seguimento das instruções. É proposto um modelo conceitual alternativo para descrever os processos de educação (criação) dos filhos nesta zona indígena.

Condicionantes de la satisfacción con la vida de los pueblos originarios en México / Conditioners of satisfaction with the life of native peoples in Mexico

Resumen: El objetivo fue estudiar las dimensiones de dominio de satisfacción, eudemonía, equilibrio de los afectos, plenitud del bienestar subjetivo y las de recursos materiales, relaciones sociales y salud como bienestar objetivo captadas por el módulo de bienestar autorreportado (BIARE 2014) para México, y aportar información sobre el perfil de satisfechos e insatisfechos en 2,759 hablantes de una lengua originaria de México. Se llevó a cabo un análisis discriminante para grupos de satisfechos e insatisfechos, con el objeto de reconocer las variables relacionadas con cada condición y una regresión logística que indicara las variables de riesgo y protectoras. Los resultados muestran que las interacciones sociales, redes, tipo y magnitud del apoyo social además de salud y convivencia son importantes para la diferenciación, mientras que la percepción retrospectiva de satisfacción y de logro son variables protectoras; el sentimiento de abatimiento es de riesgo para el grupo de satisfechos. Se discute en términos de la teoría de Cummins y Diener el concepto de bienestar local, personal, subjetivo y objetivo.

Abstract: The aim was to study the dimensions of the satisfaction domain, happiness, affective balance, fullness of subjective well-being and the material resources, social relations and health as an objetive welfare captured by the self-reported module of well-being (BIARE 2014) for Mexico and provide information on the profile of satisfied and dissatisfied in 2,759 speakers of a native languaje of Mexico. It conducted a discriminant analysis for groups of satisfaction, dissatisfaction, in order to recognize the variables related to each condition and logistic regression to indicate the risk and protective variables. The results show that social interactions, networks, type and extent of social support in addition to health and coexistence are important for differentiation while the hindsight of satisfaction and achievement are protective variables and the feeling of dejection is risk for the satisfied group. It is discussed in terms of the theory of Cummins and Diener the concept of local, personal, subjective and objetive well-being.

Parámetros de inclusión y exclusión en los extremos de la felicidad y satisfacción con la vida en México / Inclusion and exclusion parameters in happiness and life satisfaction outliners in Mexico

Resumen Se analizan datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Bienestar Autorreportado (BIARE), elaborada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) para obtener indicadores de bienestar subjetivo y felicidad. El objetivo es conocer las características y establecer diferencias entre aquellas personas que reportan una baja y una alta percepción de bienestar. El indicador de felicidad fue seleccionado a partir de las preguntas: «¿Qué tan satisfecha se encuentra usted con su vida?¼ y «¿Qué tan feliz diría que es usted?¼, ambas con una escala de respuesta de 10 puntos. Se seleccionó al grupo de personas más felices entre las que eligieron el punto 10 = «totalmente satisfechos¼ La gente infeliz se seleccionó desde el punto 0 = «Nada satisfecho¼ y el punto 1 = «Un poco satisfecho¼. Se llevó a cabo estadística descriptiva y prueba de hipótesis para evaluar diferencias entre grupos utilizando chi cuadrada y U de Mann-Whitney. Se concluye que las personas infelices, comparadas con las felices, perciben menor felicidad durante toda su vida, tienen baja cantidad de logros y reconocimientos obtenidos, perciben mayores dificultades en sus vidas, mayor presencia de padecimientos, reportan menor cantidad de recursos económicos, menor contacto con familiares y amigos, menor capacidad para brindar apoyo a otros y menor percepción sobre su capacidad de afrontamiento.

Abstract The present analysis is made about the National Survey Well-being (BIARE, for its acronym in Spanish) constructed by National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) for obtain subjective indicators well-being and happiness. The objective it's to know the characteristics and differences between the people who report the lowest well-being and the highest well-being perception. The happiness indicator was selected from the questions: «How satisfied are you? ¼ and «How many happy are you?¼, which have a ten-point responding scale, happy people was selected from point 10 (totally satisfied). People unhappy was selected from point 0 = «Nothing satisfied¼ and point 1 = «A little satisfied¼. Descriptive statistics and hypothesis test was performed for evaluate group differences using chi-square and U Mann-Whitney test. The conclusion it's that the unhappy people, compared with the happy people, perceive unhappiness during long time, obtained achievements and recognition were lowest for unhappy people, more presence of diseases, few economic resources, few social contact with family and friends, lower capacity to give support to people and a lower perception of coping capacities.

Calidad de vida en los profesores normalistas de Nuevo León, México / Quality of life of teachers from Nuevo León, México

El constructo contemporáneo de “calidad de vida” implica la valoración de los recursos materiales y subjetivos con los que cuentan los individuos; valorar el bienestar o la satisfacción de los ciudadanos es una prioridad nacional e internacional, y principalmente se vuelve importante para analizar a poblaciones con funciones importantes dentro de la sociedad. En el presente estudio se evaluó la calidad de vida en una población de 473 profesores en formación de la zona conurbada de Monterrey. Se utilizó una prueba con cuatro escalas que integran los componentes objetivos y subjetivos de calidad de vida, que fue ajustada y evaluada por Arita (2005, 2006) y Tánori (2011). La población de estudio es muy importante porque históricamente han tenido estabilidad laboral mediante el apoyo de una comunidad magisterial sindicalizada. Se encontró que hay diferencias en cuanto a si los profesores en formación tienen un familiar que ejerce la profesión de docencia, y otras variables relevantes fueron el número de miembros de la familia y la cantidad de enseres domésticos con los que cuentan. Particularmente, el componente subjetivo es el que mejor explica la calidad de vida de los profesores. Se concluye que, debido a las políticas reformistas en educación, para futuros estudios sería importante comparar la percepción de los profesores antes y después de dicha reforma.

The contemporary construct of "quality of life" involves the analysis of material resources and subjective well being. Assessing the welfare or satisfaction of citizens is a national and international priority and it is mainly important on populations with valuable functions in society. In this study, quality of life was assessed in a population of 473 students that were being trained to teach in the metropolitan area of Monterrey. A test with four scales that integrates objective and subjective components of quality of life was used, This test was adjusted by Arita (2005, 2006) and Tanori (2011). This population is very important because historically it have had a job stability with support of union membership. We found that there are differences as to whether student teachers have a family that exercises the profession of teaching; other relevant variables were the number of family members and the amount of household goods. Particularly the subjective component is the best to explain the quality of life of teachers. We concluded that reformist policies on education may change teachers' perception before and after the reform.

Victimización, clima familiar y el manejo de la culpa-vergüenza en el acoso escolar / Victimization, family environment and the management of the blame-shame on bullying

El presente trabajo se propuso determinar en qué medida los antecedentes de victimización, el manejo de la vergüenza-culpa y el clima familiar diferencian al estudiantado con y sin conductas de acoso hacia los pares. Se identificaron como agresores a 132 estudiantes de secundarias que reportaban un promedio de tres o más conductas agresivas hacia los pares, y se tomó del resto una muestra aleatoria de similar tamaño. Mediante una regresión logística se encontró que las variables estudiadas diferencian de forma significa a los grupos de estudiantes con y sin conductas agresivas hacia los pares (R2 igual .58), y que la victimización (OR igual 10.76), el desplazamiento de la vergüenza (OR igual 1.99) y el conflicto familiar (OR igual 1.51) aumentan la probabilidad de pertenecer al grupo de agresores, mientras el reconocimiento (OR igual 0.62) y la convivencia familiar (OR igual 0.60) disminuyen esta probabilidad. Se concluye que es necesario analizar el acoso escolar desde un marco de referencia ecológico que considere variables ubicadas en los contextos en los que interactúan los individuos.

This work aimed to determine to what extent a history of victimization, handling shame-guilt and family climate differentiate students with and without harassing behavior toward peers. 132 students were identified as aggressors and reported an average of three or more aggressive behavior toward peers. A random sample of similarsize was taken to complete the final number of participants. Using logistic regression, variables studied pointed significant difference between groups of students with and without aggressive behavior toward peers (R2 same .58). Victimization (OR same 10.76), shame displacement (OR same 1.99) and family conflict (OR same 1.51) increase the probability of belonging to the group of assailants while recognition (OR same 0.62) and family life (OR same 0.60)decrease this probability. It is concluded that is necessary to analyze bullying from an ecological frame work considering variables located in the contexts where individuals interact.