Sobrecarga y asociaciones de riesgo en cuidadores de personas con demencia durante la pandemia por la COVID-19 / Overburden and correlates among caregivers of people with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: La existencia del SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) representa un problema de salud sin precedentes en todo el mundo, incluidas las personas con demencia, sus familias y cuidadores. Objetivo: Estudiar las características del cuidado y el grado de sobrecarga en cuidadores de personas con demencia durante la pandemia causada por la COVID-19. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo. El universo comprendió 3000 personas de 65 años seleccionadas por un muestreo aleatorio simple sin reposición procedentes del estudio poblacional Envejecimiento y Alzheimer, de ellas 160 participantes, residentes en La Habana fueron evaluados en dos momentos diferentes; 2016 - 2018 y del 1 de octubre al 30 de noviembre de 2020. Resultados: Los cuidadores evaluados durante la pandemia presentaron mayor estrés o sobrecarga según la escala de Zarit (p=0,017) y mayor morbilidad según el cuestionario general de salud (p<0,0001) en relación con el estudio realizado en 2016-2018. El estrés en los cuidadores se asoció con la presencia y severidad de los síntomas psicológicos y conductuales, OR=1.02 (IC 95 por ciento 1,00-1,03), el estadio de la demencia OR= 1,61 (IC 95 P, 1,45-1,76), mayores necesidades de cuidados OR=1.56 (IC 95 por ciento, 1.14-2.77), temor a enfermar por la COVID-19 OR= 1.52 (IC 95 por ciento, 1.11-4.12), inseguridad en el futuro OR= 1,26 (IC 95 por ciento, 1,04-2,53) y el abandono del trabajo por el cuidado OR= 1,19 (IC 95 por ciento, 1,01-2,12). Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos confirman mayor estrés y sobrecarga en cuidadores de personas que viven con demencia durante la pandemia y la necesidad de una acción coordinada en las estrategias del sistema nacional de salud, dirigida a las personas con demencias y los cuidadores(AU)

Introduction: The existence of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) represents an unprecedented health problem around the world, including people with dementia, their families and caregivers. Objectives: To study the characteristics of caregivers and care recipients as well as the burden among caregivers of people with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: Prospective observational study. The universe comprised 3000 people aged 65 years who were selected by simple random sampling without replacement from the population based study of Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Of them, 160 participants from Havana were evaluated at two different moments: in 2016 - 2018 and from October 1 to November 30, 2020. Results: The caregivers who were evaluated during the pandemic presented higher levels of stress or higher Zarit burden Interview scores (p=0,017) as well as a greater morbidity as measured by the General Health Questionnaire (p<0,0001) in relation to the study conducted in 2016-2018. Stress among caregivers was associated with the presence and severity of behavioral and psychological symptoms, OR = 1,02 (95 percent CI 1.00-1.03); stages of dementia, OR = 1,61 (95 percent CI, 1.45-1.76); greater care needs, OR = 1,56 (95 percent CI, 1.14-2.77); fear of getting sick from COVID-19, OR = 1,52 (95 percent CI, 1.11-4.12); insecurity about the future, OR = 1,26 (95 percent CI, 1.04 -2.53) and job abandonment due to care, OR = 1,19 (95 percent CI, 1.01-2.12). Conclusions: Our findings confirm that there is greater stress and burden among caregivers of people living with dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic and that there is a need to achieve coordinated actions in the national health system strategies aimed at supporting people with dementia and caregivers(AU)

Levels of Vitamins and Homocysteine in Older Adults with Alzheimer Disease or Mild Cognitive Impairment in Cuba.

INTRODUCTION Age-related cognitive disorders, including Alzheimer disease, are among the main causes of disability and dependence in older adults worldwide. High blood homocysteine levels (hyperhomocysteinemia) are a risk factor for diseases whose metabolism involves different B vitamins. Antioxidant vitamins provide a protective effect by mitigating oxidative stress generated by these diseases. Epidemiological studies have presented varying results on the relationships between blood levels of these vitamins and such cognitive disorders. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the association of vitamin and homocysteine levels with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease in a group of Cuban older adults. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Havana, Cuba, of 424 persons aged ≥65 years: 43 with Alzheimer disease, 131 with mild cognitive impairment, and 250 with no signs of cognitive impairment. Dementia was diagnosed using criteria of the International 10/66 Dementia Research Group and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV), and mild cognitive impairment was diagnosed using Petersen's criteria. Blood levels of vitamins (thiamine, B-2, folate, B-12, C and A) and homocysteine were measured by standard procedures. Analysis of variance for continuous variables and percentage comparison tests for dichotomous variables were used to compare groups. RESULTS Persons with Alzheimer disease presented signifi cantly lower levels of vitamins B-2, C and A than healthy participants (p <0.05). Homocysteine levels were signifi cantly higher in those with Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment than in participants with no cognitive impairment (p <0.05). Statistically, levels of thiamine, folic acid, and vitamin B-12 were not signifi cantly different across groups. Compared with those without cognitive impairment, prevalence rates (PR) in the Alzheimer group were signifi cantly higher for hyperhomocysteinemia (PR = 3.26; 1.84-5.80) and defi - ciency of all B vitamins: thiamine (PR = 1.89; 1.04-3.43), B-2 (PR = 2.85; 1.54-5.26), folate (PR = 3.02; 1.53-5.95), B-12 (PR = 2.21; 1.17-4.19), vitamin C (PR = 3.88; 2.12-7.10) and A (PR = 5.47; 3.26-9.17). In mild cognitive impairment, prevalence rates were signifi cantly higher for hyperhomocysteinemia (PR = 1.42; 1.08-1.87), vitamin B-2 defi ciency (PR = 1.70; 1.24-2.32) and vitamin A defi - ciency (PR =1.88; 1.05-3.38). CONCLUSIONS Hyperhomocysteinemia and various vitamin defi ciencies are related to Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. Longitudinal studies are needed to further elucidate the relationship between different nutritional biomarkers and dementia. A better understanding of this relationship could provide a basis for therapeutic and preventive strategies. KEYWORDS Vitamins, homocysteine, geriatrics, Alzheimer disease, cognitive impairment, Cuba.

Cuba's Aging and Alzheimer Longitudinal Study.

Aging and Alzheimer is a prospective, longitudinal cohort study involving 2944 adults aged ≥65 years from selected areas in Cuba's Havana and Matanzas Provinces. This door-to-door study, which began in 2003, includes periodic assessments of the cohort based on an interview; physical exam; anthropometric measurements; and diagnosis of dementia and its subtypes, other mental disorders, and other chronic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors. Information was gathered on sociodemographic characteristics; disability, dependency and frailty; use of health services; and characteristics of care and caregiver burden. The first assessment also included blood tests: complete blood count, blood glucose, kidney and liver function, lipid profile and ApoE4 genotype (a susceptibility marker). In 2007-2011, the second assessment was done of 2010 study subjects aged ≥65 years who were still alive. The study provides data on prevalence and incidence of dementia and its risk factors, and of related conditions that affect the health of older adults. It also contributes valuable experiences from field work and interactions with older adults and their families. Building on lessons learned, a third assessment to be done in 2016-2018 will incorporate a community intervention strategy to respond to diseases and conditions that predispose to dementia, frailty and dependency in older adults. KEYWORDS Dementia, Alzheimer disease, chronic disease, aging, chronic illness, frailty, dependency, cohort studies, Cuba.

Socioeconomic factors and all cause and cause-specific mortality among older people in Latin America, India, and China: a population-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Even in low and middle income countries most deaths occur in older adults. In Europe, the effects of better education and home ownership upon mortality seem to persist into old age, but these effects may not generalise to LMICs. Reliable data on causes and determinants of mortality are lacking. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The vital status of 12,373 people aged 65 y and over was determined 3-5 y after baseline survey in sites in Latin America, India, and China. We report crude and standardised mortality rates, standardized mortality ratios comparing mortality experience with that in the United States, and estimated associations with socioeconomic factors using Cox's proportional hazards regression. Cause-specific mortality fractions were estimated using the InterVA algorithm. Crude mortality rates varied from 27.3 to 70.0 per 1,000 person-years, a 3-fold variation persisting after standardisation for demographic and economic factors. Compared with the US, mortality was much higher in urban India and rural China, much lower in Peru, Venezuela, and urban Mexico, and similar in other sites. Mortality rates were higher among men, and increased with age. Adjusting for these effects, it was found that education, occupational attainment, assets, and pension receipt were all inversely associated with mortality, and food insecurity positively associated. Mutually adjusted, only education remained protective (pooled hazard ratio 0.93, 95% CI 0.89-0.98). Most deaths occurred at home, but, except in India, most individuals received medical attention during their final illness. Chronic diseases were the main causes of death, together with tuberculosis and liver disease, with stroke the leading cause in nearly all sites. CONCLUSIONS: Education seems to have an important latent effect on mortality into late life. However, compositional differences in socioeconomic position do not explain differences in mortality between sites. Social protection for older people, and the effectiveness of health systems in preventing and treating chronic disease, may be as important as economic and human development.

Prevalencia de hipertensión arterial, adhesión al tratamiento y su control en adultos mayores / High blood pressure prevalence, adherence to treatment and its control in elderly patients

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial contribuye al 80 por ciento de las muertes por enfermedad cardiovascular y cerebrovascular en la población de 65 años y más. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial, adhesión al tratamiento y su control en adultos mayores. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal en 1 216 adultos mayores de 4 áreas de salud seleccionadas pertenecientes a los municipios Marianao y La Lisa, en el período de septiembre de 2008 a septiembre de 2009. Resultados: La prevalencia de hipertensión arterial ajustada fue de 74,3 (IC 95 por ciento 71,7-76,9), con mayor prevalencia en las mujeres. La detección previa de hipertensión arterial resultó superior al 70 por ciento en todos los policlínicos seleccionados, pero la adhesión al tratamiento osciló entre 47 y 68 por ciento, y menos de la mitad de los hipertensos se encontraban controlados. Conclusiones: Fortalecer la atención primaria de salud para mejorar la atención y el control de la hipertensión arterial es clave en la reducción de la morbilidad y la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares

Introduction: The high blood pressure accounts for the 80 percent of death from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in persons aged 65 and over. Objective: To determine the prevalence of the high blood pressure, the adherence to treatment and its control in elderly patients. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study was conducted in 1 216 elderly in four health areas selected from the Marianao and La Lisa municipalities from September, 2008 to September, 2009. Results: The adjusted high blood pressure prevalence was of 74,3 percent (95 percent CI 71,7-76,9) greater in female patients. The early detection of high blood pressure was higher to 70 percent in all polyclinics selected, but the adherence to treatment fluctuates between 47 and 68 percent and les than half of hypertensive ones were under control. Conclusions: To strength the primary health care to improve the high blood pressure care and control is the key in reduction of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases

Prevalencia de hipertensión arterial, adhesión al tratamiento y su control en adultos mayores / High blood pressure prevalence, adherence to treatment and its control in elderly patients

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial contribuye al 80 por ciento de las muertes por enfermedad cardiovascular y cerebrovascular en la población de 65 años y más. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial, adhesión al tratamiento y su control en adultos mayores. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal en 1 216 adultos mayores de 4 áreas de salud seleccionadas pertenecientes a los municipios Marianao y La Lisa, en el período de septiembre de 2008 a septiembre de 2009. Resultados: La prevalencia de hipertensión arterial ajustada fue de 74,3 (IC 95 por ciento 71,7-76,9), con mayor prevalencia en las mujeres. La detección previa de hipertensión arterial resultó superior al 70 por ciento en todos los policlínicos seleccionados, pero la adhesión al tratamiento osciló entre 47 y 68 por ciento, y menos de la mitad de los hipertensos se encontraban controlados. Conclusiones: Fortalecer la atención primaria de salud para mejorar la atención y el control de la hipertensión arterial es clave en la reducción de la morbilidad y la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares(AU)

Introduction: The high blood pressure accounts for the 80 percent of death from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in persons aged 65 and over. Objective: To determine the prevalence of the high blood pressure, the adherence to treatment and its control in elderly patients. Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study was conducted in 1 216 elderly in four health areas selected from the Marianao and La Lisa municipalities from September, 2008 to September, 2009. Results: The adjusted high blood pressure prevalence was of 74,3 percent (95 percent CI 71,7-76,9) greater in female patients. The early detection of high blood pressure was higher to 70 percent in all polyclinics selected, but the adherence to treatment fluctuates between 47 and 68 percent and les than half of hypertensive ones were under control. Conclusions: To strength the primary health care to improve the high blood pressure care and control is the key in reduction of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases(AU)

Depresión y deterioro cognitivo: estudio basado en la población mayor de 65 años / Depression and cognitive disorders: a study based in a population older than 65 years

Durante el Estudio 10/66 Prevalencia y factores de riesgo del Síndrome Demencial y la Enfermedad de Alzheimer en el Policlínico Ana Betancourt del Municipio Playa en Ciudad de La Habana, se realizó una investigación basada en la población que incluyó una muestra comunitaria de 307 adultos, mayores de 65 años, seleccionados por muestreo intencional, con el objetivo de estimar la prevalencia del deterioro cognitivo y de depresión. Se aplicaron los criterios del DSM IV, del NINCDS y de la ADRDA mediante el algoritmo diagnostico 10/66, y se obtuvo como resultado una prevalencia baja de Trastorno Cognitivo Mínimo y de depresión Mayor y alta del Síndrome Demencial en la población estudiada.

During the 10/66 Study Prevalence and risk factors of Dementia Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease in the policlinic Ana Betancourt of Playa Municipality, Havana city; we conducted a study based in the population which included 307 persons older than 65 years, selected by intentional randomized sampling; with the aim to estimate the prevalence of cognitive disorders and depression. The DSM IV, NINCDS, and ADRDA criteria were applied by the diagnostic algorithm 10/66, having, as a result, a low prevalence of minimal cognitive deterioration and Major Depression and High prevalence of demential Syndrome.

Depresión y deterioro cognitivo: estudio basado en la población mayor de 65 años / Depression and cognitive disorders: a study based in a population older than 65 years

Durante el Estudio 10/66 Prevalencia y factores de riesgo del Síndrome Demencial y la Enfermedad de Alzheimer en el Policlínico Ana Betancourt del Municipio Playa en Ciudad de La Habana, se realizó una investigación basada en la población que incluyó una muestra comunitaria de 307 adultos, mayores de 65 años, seleccionados por muestreo intencional, con el objetivo de estimar la prevalencia del deterioro cognitivo y de depresión. Se aplicaron los criterios del DSM IV, del NINCDS y de la ADRDA mediante el algoritmo diagnostico 10/66, y se obtuvo como resultado una prevalencia baja de Trastorno Cognitivo Mínimo y de depresión Mayor y alta del Síndrome Demencial en la población estudiada(AU)

During the 10/66 Study Prevalence and risk factors of Dementia Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease in the policlinic Ana Betancourt of Playa Municipality, Havana city; we conducted a study based in the population which included 307 persons older than 65 years, selected by intentional randomized sampling; with the aim to estimate the prevalence of cognitive disorders and depression. The DSM IV, NINCDS, and ADRDA criteria were applied by the diagnostic algorithm 10/66, having, as a result, a low prevalence of minimal cognitive deterioration and Major Depression and High prevalence of demential Syndrome(AU)