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1.
Appl Radiat Isot ; 208: 111282, 2024 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38493563

ABSTRACT

In decision making, e.g. conformity to a specification like a reference value or a requirement, the decision rule applied shall be documented. Furthermore, if the measurement uncertainty is considered in the decision process the associated probability, or risk, that a measurement result is above (or below) a reference value shall be taken into account. In this work it is shown that for gross alpha and gross beta measurements the evaluation method, GUMUF (GUM Uncertainty Framework) or MC (Monte Carlo), may also be important and influence the decisions taken when measurement results are very close to the reference value. Therefore the evaluation method and assumptions of the input quantities may also be important to document. Moreover, decision makers or users of measurement results should be aware of possible differences and/or consequences due to the evaluation method regardless of the decision rule and the choice of evaluation method.

2.
Appl Radiat Isot ; 201: 110983, 2023 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37657225

ABSTRACT

A method for the measurement of gross alpha and gross beta activities for low alpha-to-beta activity ratios is presented. Measurement of the gross alpha activity would still be important from an internal dose perspective when the gross beta activity is dominating, since a significant dose contribution may come from alpha emitting radionuclides. The method is intended for screening of drinking water after a radiological emergency when many samples would be valuable to be measured during a short period of time.

7.
Ann Intern Med ; 117(3): 202-8, 1992 Aug 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-1616214

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and microbiologic efficacy and safety of norfloxacin for acute diarrhea. DESIGN: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical multicenter trial. SETTING: Six departments of infectious disease. PARTICIPANTS: Patients 12 years of age or older with a history of acute diarrhea lasting 5 or fewer days. Eighty-five percent of patients (511/598) were evaluable for efficacy. Of these evaluable patients, 70% had traveled abroad within the previous 6 weeks. INTERVENTIONS: Patients received either norfloxacin, 400 mg, or placebo twice daily for 5 days. MEASUREMENTS: Enteric pathogens were isolated in 51% of the evaluable patients: Campylobacter species in 29%, Salmonella species in 16%, Shigella species in 3.5%, and other pathogens in 2.6%. RESULTS: Norfloxacin had a favorable overall effect compared with placebo (cure rate, 63% compared with 51%; P = 0.003). There were statistically favorable effects in culture-positive patients, patients with salmonellosis, and severely ill patients but not in culture-negative patients or patients with campylobacteriosis or shigellosis. A significant difference was noted between norfloxacin and placebo in median time to cure among all evaluable patients (3 compared with 4 days, P = 0.02) and in patients with campylobacteriosis (3 compared with 5 days, P = 0.05) but not in patients. Culture-positive, but not culture-negative patients, in the norfloxacin group had significantly fewer loose stools per day compared with patients in the placebo group from day 2 onward (P less than or equal to 0.01). Norfloxacin was significantly less effective than placebo in eliminating Salmonella species on days 12 to 17 (18% compared with 49%, P = 0.006), whereas the opposite was true for Campylobacter species (70% compared with 50%, P = 0.03). In six of nine patients tested, norfloxacin-resistant Campylobacter species (MIC, greater than or equal to 32 micrograms/mL) appeared after norfloxacin treatment. CONCLUSION: Empiric treatment reduced the intensity and, to some extent, the duration of symptoms of acute diarrhea. The effect was restricted to patients who had bacterial enteropathogens or who were severely ill. The clinical usefulness of this treatment is limited by the fact that norfloxacin seems to delay the elimination of salmonella and to induce resistance in campylobacter.


Subject(s)
Diarrhea/drug therapy , Norfloxacin/therapeutic use , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Diarrhea/microbiology , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Middle Aged , Salmonella Infections/drug therapy , Statistics as Topic
9.
Scand J Infect Dis ; 20(3): 323-7, 1988.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3406672

ABSTRACT

In 3 patients with epidural abscess, 2 in the cervical spine and 1 in the lumbar spine the definite diagnosis was established by magnetic resonance imaging (MR). In 1 patient computerized tomography was performed but the correct diagnosis was revealed only by MR. The infections were all acute and due to Staphylococcus aureus organisms. One patient developed a tetraparesis on the third day, before the diagnosis was established or antibiotic treatment initiated. The other 2 showed only minor and passing neurologic deficits. None was subjected to laminectomy. In 2 cases the diagnosis was confirmed by puncture. None of the patients had a preceding trauma or a known focus for the staphylococcal infection.


Subject(s)
Abscess/diagnosis , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Spinal Cord Diseases/diagnosis , Abscess/complications , Abscess/drug therapy , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Epidural Space , Fever/etiology , Humans , Male , Paralysis/etiology , Spinal Cord Compression/diagnosis , Spinal Cord Compression/etiology , Spinal Cord Diseases/complications , Spinal Cord Diseases/drug therapy , Staphylococcal Infections/diagnosis
10.
Infection ; 15(3): 184-7, 1987.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3610323

ABSTRACT

In a prospective study, 73 patients with erysipelas were studied bacteriologically, serologically and clinically. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 41% of the patients. Group G streptococci (GGS) were found as frequently as group A streptococci (GAS), in 12.5% and 15% of patients, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 10%, and streptococci groups B, C and D were isolated from one case each. Raised ASO titres were found among patients with GAS and GGS, while a rise in ADNase B titre was found only in patients with GAS. Patients with GGS tended to be older than other patients. Otherwise no clinical differences were noticed. The infection was located to the lower extremity in 68%. Predisposing factors were observed in 44% of the patients, predominantly local circulatory insufficiency and malignancies. In 55% a possible portal of entry was present. GGS seems to be a common cause of erysipelas, especially among patients older than 50 years.


Subject(s)
Erysipelas/microbiology , Streptococcus/isolation & purification , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antibodies, Bacterial/analysis , Bacterial Proteins , Deoxyribonucleases/immunology , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Recurrence , Streptococcus/immunology , Streptolysins/immunology
11.
Scand J Infect Dis ; 19(2): 231-4, 1987.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3616490

ABSTRACT

Two different groups of patients with diarrhoea, altogether 1,478 individuals, were examined for cryptosporidium oocysts. The technique used was feces concentration and staining according to a modified Ziehl-Neelsen method. 20 cases of cryptosporidiosis (3%) were found among 698 consecutive patients with acute gastroenteritis. In feces samples sent for parasitological examination from 780 patients, cryptosporidia were found on 9 occasions (1%). None of 519 healthy persons excreted cryptosporidia. 19/29 patients with cryptosporidiosis had recently been abroad and in 8 of these additional enteric pathogens were found. The median duration of diarrhoea was 14 days. All patients except 1 were cryptosporidia-negative in faeces within 2 months. An immunosuppressed patient excreted cryptosporidia for 14 months.


Subject(s)
Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology , Diarrhea/etiology , Gastroenteritis/etiology , Age Factors , Animals , Carrier State/epidemiology , Cryptosporidium/isolation & purification , Feces/parasitology , Female , Humans , Male , Sweden
12.
Lancet ; 2(8405): 707-11, 1984 Sep 29.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6148470

ABSTRACT

127 patients with suspected herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) were entered in a prospective randomised study of acyclovir 10 mg/kg 8-hourly versus vidarabine 15 mg/kg daily for 10 days. The patients were consecutive and nearly all Swedish cases of HSE were included; they were treated in six university infectious diseases departments. The diagnosis of HSE was verified by brain biopsy and/or antibody responses in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Of 53 confirmed cases of HSE (corresponding to 2 X 3 cases per million inhabitants per year in Sweden), 51 (27 acyclovir, 24 vidarabine) were evaluable for analysis of efficacy. The mortality was 19% in the acyclovir-treated group versus 50% in the vidarabine group (p = 0.04). At 6 months of observation 15 (56%) of 27 acyclovir-treated patients had returned to normal life compared with 3 (13%) of 24 vidarabine-treated patients (p = 0.002); and the numbers who died or had severe sequelae were 9 (33%) and 19 (76%), respectively (p = 0.005). No important or new adverse events were recognised.


Subject(s)
Acyclovir/therapeutic use , Encephalitis/drug therapy , Herpes Simplex/drug therapy , Vidarabine/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Antibodies, Viral/analysis , Brain/microbiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Clinical Trials as Topic , Double-Blind Method , Encephalitis/mortality , Follow-Up Studies , Herpes Simplex/mortality , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Random Allocation , Simplexvirus/immunology
13.
Gastroenterology ; 83(3): 541-9, 1982 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6124473

ABSTRACT

The design and execution of the Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study in Sweden are described in this paper. A double-blind, double-dummy, crossover (2 X 4 mo) technique was used to compare the suppressive efficacy of metronidazole (0.4 g b.i.d.) and sulfasalazine (1.5 g b.i.d.). The number of randomized patients (78) presented approximately one-third of the available population. The Crohn's Disease Activity Index and the plasma level of orosomucoid were the main variables for clinical evaluation. Results were analyzed primarily in the first treatment period by ranking the clinical outcome of every patient according to a uniform and detailed scheme and applying Wilcoxon nonparametric statistics. The cross-over data only served as additional information. Thirty-six patients had had earlier and mostly positive experience with sulfasalazine. Repeated plasma drug analysis indicated good compliance. The blindness of the trial was tested and appeared satisfactory. The coordination of the trial proceeded as planned. A lack of full conformity in the electroimmunoassay of orosomucoid was taken care of satisfactorily.


Subject(s)
Crohn Disease/drug therapy , Metronidazole/therapeutic use , Sulfasalazine/therapeutic use , Adult , Animals , Clinical Trials as Topic , Double-Blind Method , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Orosomucoid/analysis , Patient Compliance , Random Allocation , Research Design , Sweden
14.
Gastroenterology ; 83(3): 550-62, 1982 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6124474

ABSTRACT

Seventy-eight patients with active Crohn's disease participated in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. The study comprised two 4-mo period. The purpose was to test the efficacy of metronidazole in comparison with that of sulfasalazine. As the main evaluation criteria the Crohn's Disease Activity Index and plasma levels of orosomucoid were chosen. In the first period no difference in efficacy as measured by Crohn's Disease Activity Index was found between the treatment groups. The reduction of the plasma orosomucoid level was significantly more pronounced in the metronidazole group. The hemoglobin concentration increased more in this group than in the sulfasalazine group, possibly due to a toxic effect of sulfasalazine. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate decreased similarly with both drugs. In 15 patients who had active disease throughout the first period, Crohn's Disease Activity Index decreased significantly in the second period for those who switched to metronidazole, but not for those who switched to sulfasalazine. After crossover, no apparent further change in Crohn's Disease Activity Index occurred in either of the treatment groups among patients who had responded favorably in the first period. The plasma concentration of orosomucoid increased significantly among the patients in the sulfasalazine group but not in the metronidazole group. It is therefore concluded that metronidazole is slightly more effective than sulfasalazine in the treatment of crohn's disease. It is worthwhile switching the drug regimen from sulfasalazine, when it fails, to metronidazole, but not from metronidazole to sulfasalazine.


Subject(s)
Crohn Disease/drug therapy , Metronidazole/therapeutic use , Sulfasalazine/therapeutic use , Adult , Anorexia/chemically induced , Blood Sedimentation , Clinical Trials as Topic , Double-Blind Method , Fatigue/chemically induced , Female , Hemoglobins/analysis , Humans , Male , Metronidazole/adverse effects , Middle Aged , Nausea/chemically induced , Orosomucoid/analysis , Random Allocation , Sulfasalazine/adverse effects , Sweden
15.
Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) ; 49(2): 130-3, 1981 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7336970

ABSTRACT

Metronidazole was given to rats with experimentally induced inflammation to evaluate whether the drug has any antiinflammatory effect. Inflammation was caused by injection of Freund's complete adjuvant into a paw. The oedema of the paw measured on the 4th day was not influenced after metronidazole 20 mg/kg/day or 160 mg/kg/day, whereas phenylbutazone 80 mg/kg/day significantly decreased the volume of the paw. The concentration of orosomucoid did not differ in the group of rats given metronidazole 20 mg/kg/day as compared to the control group. However, the orosomucoid concentration was lower in the group given metronidazole 160 mg/kg/day, as was the case in the phenylbutazone group. In groups of rats with polyarthritis studied on the 14th and 21st day there was no difference of arthritic index, volume of paw or orosomucoid concentration in neither low nor high dose metronidazole as compared to the control groups. The phenylbutazone groups, however, showed a lower arthritic index, lower volume of paw and lower orosomucoid concentration.


Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Metronidazole/pharmacology , Animals , Male , Orosomucoid/analysis , Phenylbutazone/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains
16.
Infection ; 8(1): 37-40, 1980.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-6246006

ABSTRACT

Of 20 patients with gram-negative septicemia treated with mecillinam alone or in combination with ampicillin, successful therapeutic results were obtained in 16. In 11 patients treated with ampicillin alone, three failures responded successfully to a combination of mecillinam and ampicillin. Mecillinam MIC values of isolated Enterobacteriaceae were 0.05-0.4 micrograms/ml. In patients receiving 5 mg/kg mecillinam intravenously every six hours, the mean 0.5 hour concentration was 11.0 micrograms/ml and in those given 10 mg/kg 23.3 migcrograms/ml. No serious side effects were recorded. One patient on mecillinam developed an exanthema, as did three patients on combined therapy.


Subject(s)
Amdinocillin/therapeutic use , Ampicillin/therapeutic use , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/drug therapy , Penicillanic Acid/therapeutic use , Sepsis/drug therapy , Adult , Aged , Amdinocillin/administration & dosage , Amdinocillin/adverse effects , Amdinocillin/metabolism , Ampicillin/administration & dosage , Ampicillin/adverse effects , Ampicillin/metabolism , Drug Therapy, Combination , Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects , Exanthema/chemically induced , Female , Half-Life , Humans , Kinetics , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Middle Aged
18.
Scand J Infect Dis ; 10(1): 57-60, 1978.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-635476

ABSTRACT

IgG and albumin were determined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma by electroimmuno assay in 90 control patients. The curve for the ratios between concentration of IgG in CSF and in plasma versus the ratios between concentration of albumin in CSF and in plasma was practically linear (r=0.95). The scatter diagram of these ratios was used to investigate the occurrence of synthesis of IgG within the central nervous system in 55 cases of acute meningitis. No unmistakable intrathecal synthesis of IgG was demonstrated. No difference was found between the relative concentration of IgG in CSF early in the course of the disease and that observed later.


Subject(s)
Albumins/cerebrospinal fluid , Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins , Immunoglobulin G/cerebrospinal fluid , Meningitis/cerebrospinal fluid , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins/analysis , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Meningitis/immunology , Middle Aged , Serum Albumin/analysis
19.
Lancet ; 2(8040): 684-6, 1977 Oct 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-71498

ABSTRACT

An outbreak of repeated chills, fever, respiratory-tract symptoms, and muscle pain, starting 4 h after a hot bath, involved 56 persons, nearly all of whom lived in an area supplied with water from the same source. The symptoms lasted for 6--15 h. A polymorphonuclear leucocytosis was a feature of the illness. The causal agent, which has not yet been identified, was found to enter the body by inhalation. Bacteriological and chemical studies and investigation of the water for endotoxins and algae revealed nothing unusual.


Subject(s)
Baths/adverse effects , Disease Outbreaks , Fever/etiology , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , C-Reactive Protein/analysis , Endotoxins/analysis , Female , Fever/epidemiology , Hot Temperature/adverse effects , Humans , Leukocytosis/etiology , Male , Middle Aged , Sweden , Water Supply/analysis
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