ABSTRACT
Introduction: Burn injuries are under-appreciated trauma, associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. It is necessary to refer patients in need of specialized care to more specialized centers for treatment and rehabilitation of burn injuries. This systematic review aimed to assess the adherence to referral criteria for burn patients. Methods: An extensive search was conducted on Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science online databases using the relevant keywords from the earliest to October 7, 2021. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies (AXIS tool). Results: Among a total of 7,455 burn patients included in the nine studies, 60.95% were male. The most frequently burned areas were the hands (n=3) and the face (n=2). The most and least common burn mechanisms were scalds (62.76%) and electrical or chemical (2.88%), respectively. 51.88% of burn patients had met ≥ 1 referral criteria. The overall adherence to the referral criteria for burn patients was 58.28% (17.37 to 93.39%). The highest and lowest adherence rates were related to Western Cape Provincial (WCP) (26.70%) and National Burn Care Review (NBCR) (4.97%) criteria, respectively. Conclusion: The overall adherence to the referral criteria for burn patients was relatively desirable. Therefore, well-designed future studies are suggested in order to uncover approaches to improve adherence to referral criteria for burn patients.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Resistance to multiple drugs is one of the biggest challenges in managing infectious diseases. Acinetobacter baumannii is considered a nosocomial infection. According to the multiple roles of the toxin-antitoxin system, this system can be considered an antimicrobial target in the presence of bacteria. With the impact on bacterial toxin, it can be used as a new antibacterial target. The purpose of this study was to determine the mazEF genes as a potent antimicrobial target in A. baumannii clinical isolates. METHODS: The functionality of mazEF genes was evaluated by qPCR in fifteen A. baumannii clinical isolates. Then, the mazE locus was targeted by peptide nucleic acid (PNA). RESULTS: The results showed a significant difference in the mean number of copies of mazF gene in normal and stress conditions. Also, we found that at a concentration of 15 µM of PNA the bacteria were killed and confirmed by culture on LB agar. CONCLUSIONS: This research is the first step in introducing mazEF TA loci as a sensitive target in A. baumannii. However, more studies are needed to test the effectiveness in vivo. In addition, the occurrence and potential for activation of the TA system, mazEF in other pathogenic bacteria should be further investigated.
Subject(s)
Acinetobacter baumannii , Bacterial Toxins , Toxin-Antitoxin Systems , Acinetobacter baumannii/genetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacterial Toxins/genetics , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Toxin-Antitoxin Systems/geneticsABSTRACT
This systematic review aimed to summarize the evidence regarding death anxiety (DA) and related factors among nurses. Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Iranmedex, and Scientific Information Database (SID) databases were extensively searched using purpose-related keywords from the earliest to October 5, 2021. A total of 6819 nurses were included in 31 studies. The DA of nurses based on the Templer's Death Anxiety Scale was moderate. Factors such as personal anxiety, frequency and severity of job stress, burnout, dying patient avoidance behavior, euthanasia, sex, mental health status, social desirability, attitude toward the elderly, humor, social maturity, psychological hardiness, quality of life, lack of social activity, self-efficacy, coping with death, and life satisfaction were associated with nurses' DA. Therefore, nursing policymakers can promote nurses' health to improve the quality of nursing care by considering these related factors.
