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1.
J Abnorm Psychol ; 110(4): 553-63, 2001 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11727945

ABSTRACT

Data on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were collected 6 months after Hurricanes Paulina (N = 200; Mexico) and Andrew (non-Hispanic n = 270; United States) using the Revised Civilian Mississippi Scale. A 4-factor measurement model that represented the accepted multicriterion conceptualization of PTSD fit the data of the U.S. and Mexican samples equally well. The 4 factors of Intrusion, Avoidance, Numbing, and Arousal correlated significantly and equivalently with severity of trauma in each sample. A single construct explained much of the covariance of the symptom factors in each sample. However, modeling PTSD as a unidimensional construct masked differences between samples in symptom severity. With severity of trauma controlled, the Mexican sample was higher in Intrusion and Avoidance, whereas the U.S. sample was higher in Arousal. The results suggest that PTSD is a meaningful construct to study in Latin American societies.


Subject(s)
Disasters , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Female , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , United States/epidemiology
2.
J Trauma Stress ; 14(4): 741-56, 2001 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11776421

ABSTRACT

In unstructured interviews, 24 Mexicans described survivors' responses to disasters in Guadalajara, Jalisco (n = 9), Homestead, Florida (n = 6), and Puerto Angel, Oaxaca (n = 9). This analysis assessed the extent to which symptom descriptions corresponded to the 17 criterion symptoms of PTSD. Nineteen participants (79%) mentioned from 1 to 9 criterion symptoms. Event-related distress, hypervigilance, recurrent recollections, and avoiding reminders were described most often. Only 3 criterion symptoms were never described. Twenty participants (83%) provided 109 separate expressions that could not be classified specifically as criterion symptoms. These phrases were sorted by 9 independent Mexican volunteers and cluster analyzed. Clusters composed of ataques de nervios, depression, lasting trauma, and somatic complaints provided the best description of the data.


Subject(s)
Disasters , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Survivors/psychology , Adult , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Culture , Female , Florida/epidemiology , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology
3.
Neurol Neurocir Psiquiatr ; 18(2-3 Suppl): 443-54, 1977.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-99678

ABSTRACT

Clinicians have noted resemblance between ALS with predominantly lower motor involvement and a chronic type of poliomyelitis. Occasional cases of ALS show lymphocytic infiltrations in the neuropathology. Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies as well as possible transmission of ALS to the monkey, were noted by Soviet investigators. Major questions about the latter remain, but inclusion bodies have been seen in cases outside the USSR, and search for a virus has been pursued. So far, efforts at culture, including the technique of co-cultivation, have not been successful in 3 different laboratories using material from ALS autopsied within 2 hours of death. Nor has such material and specimens from other cases produced transmissible disease in animals of laboratories where kuru, Jakob's disease and SSPE have been transmitted. Study of serum antibodies has also been negative. These negative culture, transmission and antibody studies do not exclude a viral etiology: in kuru, for example, many years passed before transmission was demonstrated, which remains the only evidence of kuru's infectivity. Evidence of an immunologic disorder in ALS has been obtained from kidney biopsies, the lack of any clinical benefit from immunosuppression may indicate that the kidney finding reveals a response to infection, though whether viral or even relevant is unknown. Two recent ALS cases will be illustrated in which virus-like particles were demonstrated post mortem by electronmicroscopy. In one, myxovirus-like tubules were seen mainly in motor neurons; in the other, picorna-virus-like crystals were found in skeletal muscles. Different viruses can cause identical disease, but 2 different viruses in different sites in ALS also suggest that at least one type of particle is an adventitious finding of no general significance. An additional impetus to continue the search is the slowly progressive type C-virus myelitis in wild mice. This disease has many dissimilarities to ALS, including different morphology of the virus, but may provide a model for slow-virus amyotrophy.


Subject(s)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/microbiology , Virus Diseases/microbiology , Adult , Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/immunology , Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/pathology , Humans , Inclusion Bodies, Viral , Kidney/microbiology , Kidney/pathology , Male , Motor Neurons/pathology , Muscles/microbiology , Muscles/ultrastructure , Virus Diseases/pathology , Viruses
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