Nomenclature of real patients in health professional education by role and engagement: a narrative literature review.

Research problem: Real patients living with a disease and engaged in the education of healthcare professionals are referred to by different terms. To address this, A.Towle proposed a draft taxonomy. Objective: Our objective is to extract from the literature the definitions given for the following terms: (1) patient educator, (2) patient instructor, (3) patient mentor, (4) partner patient, (5) patient teacher, (6) Volunteer Patient in order to clearly identify their roles and level of engagement. Methods: The literature search was carried out in Medline, CINAHL, PsychInfo and Eric by adding medical education or healthcare professional to our previously identified keywords to ensure that it is indeed literature dealing with real patients' involvement in the education of healthcare professionals. Results: Certain terms refer to real and simulated patients. Roles are more or less well described but may refer to multiple terms. The notion of engagement is discussed, but not specifically. Conclusion: Explicitly defining the terms used according to the task descriptions and level of engagement would help contribute to Towle's taxonomy. Real patients would thus feel more legitimately involved in health professional education.

Problème de recherche: Les patients vivant avec une maladie et qui sont impliqués dans l'éducation des professionnels de la santé sont désignés par des termes différents. Pour y remédier, A.Towle a proposé un projet de taxonomie. Objectif: Notre objectif est d'extraire de la littérature les définitions données pour les termes suivants : (1) patient éducateur, (2) patient instructeur, (3) patient mentor, (4) patient partenaire, (5) patient enseignant, (6) patient volontaire afin d'identifier clairement leurs rôles et leur niveau d'implication. Méthodes: La recherche documentaire a été effectuée dans Medline, CINAHL, PsychInfo et Eric en ajoutant l'éducation médicale ou le professionnel de santé à nos mots-clés précédemment identifiés afin de s'assurer qu'il s'agit bien de littérature traitant de l'implication des patients dans l'éducation des professionnels de santé. Résultats: Certains termes font référence à des patients ayant une maladie ou simulés. Les rôles sont plus ou moins bien décrits mais peuvent faire référence à plusieurs termes. La notion d'implication est abordée, mais pas de manière spécifique. Conclusion: Définir explicitement les termes utilisés en fonction de la description des tâches et du niveau d'implication permettrait de contribuer à la taxonomie de Towle. Les patients se sentiraient ainsi plus légitimement impliqués dans la formation des professionnels de santé.

Viscosity development from oat bran ß-glucans through in vitro digestion is lowered in the presence of phenolic compounds.

Dietary fibres have been shown to aggregate and lose viscosity and water binding capacity in solution in the presence of phenolic compounds. This study aimed to verify this observation in a complex grain system containing ß-glucans. The viscosity of uncooked and cooked oat bran digested in vitro was measured in the presence of 1-30 mM phenolic acids or flavonoids, and digestograms were modelled to understand the effects of phenolic compounds on the drivers of viscosity. The final viscosity of the digesta, driven by ß-glucans, underwent a significant decrease of up to 31% upon the addition of phenolic compounds. To account for the inhibitory activity of phenolic compounds on digestive enzymes, modelling of the digestograms was adjusted with reference to that from previous work. The models suggest that phenolic compounds can simultaneously: (1) slow down the release of ß-glucans by slowing down digestion through enzyme inhibition, and (2) decrease the viscosity of solubilised ß-glucans, likely through colloidal aggregation as observed in solution before. These in vitro results suggest that the health benefits of oats linked to digestive viscosity of ß-glucans may be altered by co-formulation with or co-ingestion of phenolic compounds.

Quantitative characterization of the digestive viscosity profile of cereal soluble dietary fibers using in vitro digestion in Rapid ViscoAnalyzer.

A standard method measuring viscosity (η) of cereal products through in vitro digestion in a Rapid ViscoAnalyzer has been developed previously and is predictive of some physiological effects of cereal foods. This paper proposes a simple mathematical model to analyze quantitatively the digestograms obtained by that method. Digestograms of twelve uncooked and cooked cereal products were generated and data quality was assessed. Experimental data were fitted with a viscosity model ηmodel=η1+η2, where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were respectively viscosity decrease and viscosity increase components. The model showed very good agreement with experimental data and enabled interpretation of the digestograms in relation to the composition of the products: η1 was interpreted as the decreasing viscosity of digestible polymeric nutrients whereas η2 was interpreted as the viscosity development of viscous dietary fibers. This model may be useful to investigate quantitatively the biological effects of soluble dietary fibers in cereal products and similar products.