ABSTRACT
A study was conducted at two beaches on Lake Erie to evaluate the water sampling design for the collection of several microbiological indicator organisms in relation to day, time, and location of collection. The concentrations of these organisms were generally found to vary significantly (P less than 0.05) by the specific time of day and day of weekend that collection took place. However, the concentrations of these organisms did not vary significantly (P greater than 0.05) at various locations in the bathing area. Future studies investigating the health effects of recreational water as related to microbiological variables should be designed to collect water samples at the specific time of day and day of weekend that an individual was exposed. In addition, sampling at various locations in the bathing area should probably be considered for those beaches having poor dispersion of fecal waste sources.
Subject(s)
Bathing Beaches , Microbiological Techniques/standards , Water Microbiology , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Fresh Water , Ohio , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purification , Staphylococcus/isolation & purification , Streptococcus/isolation & purification , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Rabies/diagnosis , Aerosols , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification , Dogs , Ethiopia , Europe , Foxes/immunology , Guinea Pigs , Humans , Immunity, Active , Injections, Intramuscular , Mice , Minnesota , Rabies/epidemiology , Rabies/etiology , Rabies/immunology , Rabies/microbiology , Rabies/mortality , Rabies/transmission , Rabies Vaccines/adverse effects , Rabies virus/immunology , Rabies virus/isolation & purification , Raccoons , Rats , Stress, Physiological/complications , Swine/immunology , ThailandABSTRACT
Mumps virions of the Enders' strain were examined for polymerase activity in vitro. An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase was found to be associated with the virion. The general properties of the reaction appear to be similar to those described for other paramyxoviruses.
Subject(s)
DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/metabolism , Mumps virus/enzymology , Adenosine Triphosphate , Centrifugation, Zonal , Cytosine Nucleotides , Guanine Nucleotides , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Magnesium , Temperature , Uracil NucleotidesSubject(s)
Monkey Diseases/etiology , Rubella/veterinary , Administration, Intranasal , Animals , Female , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Male , Monkey Diseases/congenital , Monkey Diseases/immunology , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/veterinary , Rubella/etiology , Rubella/immunology , Rubella virus/immunologySubject(s)
RNA, Viral/analysis , RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/analysis , Retroviridae/analysis , Satellite Viruses/analysis , Animals , Cell Line , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic , Cell-Free System , Centrifugation, Density Gradient , DNA, Viral/biosynthesis , Haplorhini , Leukemia Virus, Feline/analysis , Magnesium/pharmacology , Nucleic Acid Hybridization , Phosphorus Radioisotopes , RNA, Viral/isolation & purification , RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/metabolism , Retroviridae/enzymology , Ribonucleases/pharmacology , Sarcoma, Experimental , Satellite Viruses/enzymology , Skin , Templates, Genetic , Tritium , Virus CultivationSubject(s)
Abortion, Therapeutic , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious , Rubella , Arthritis/etiology , Cells, Cultured , Embryo, Mammalian/microbiology , Female , Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Humans , Pregnancy , Recurrence , Rubella/blood , Rubella/complications , Rubella virus/isolation & purification , Skin Manifestations , Wrist JointSubject(s)
Inclusion Bodies, Viral , Kidney Glomerulus/microbiology , Nephrotic Syndrome/microbiology , Orthomyxoviridae/isolation & purification , Antibodies/analysis , Antigens/analysis , Basement Membrane , Biopsy , Complement Fixation Tests , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Humans , Kidney Glomerulus/pathology , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology , Male , Microscopy, Electron , Middle Aged , Mumps virus/isolation & purification , Nephrotic Syndrome/pathology , Paramyxoviridae/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Mumps virus was grown in embryonated chicken eggs in the presence of radioactive seleno-((75)Se)-methionine. Virus in the allantoic and amniotic fluids was concentrated in a sucrose density gradient, and a peak of viral material coincided with a significant peak of (75)Se-radioactivity. The radioactivity was acid-insoluble and remained associated with the virus after purification by erythrocyte adsorption and elution and centrifugation on a second sucrose density gradient. After amino-acid hydrolysis of the radioactive virus, only (75)Se-methionine was recovered by chromatographic analysis. These results demonstrate that the radioactive (75)Se-methionine was incorporated into protein of infectious mumps virus.
Subject(s)
Methionine/metabolism , Mumps virus/metabolism , Radioisotopes , Selenium , Adsorption , Amniotic Fluid , Animals , Body Fluids , Centrifugation, Density Gradient , Chick Embryo , Chickens , Chromatography, Paper , Erythrocytes , Extraembryonic Membranes , Hemagglutination Tests , Mumps virus/growth & development , Mumps virus/isolation & purification , Mumps virus/pathogenicity , Neuraminidase , Sucrose , Vibrio/enzymology , Viral Proteins/metabolism , Virus ReplicationSubject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Culture Techniques , DNA/biosynthesis , Protein Biosynthesis , RNA/biosynthesis , Animals , Cell Line/drug effects , Centrifugation, Density Gradient , Conjunctiva , Cricetinae , Embryo, Mammalian , Humans , Kidney , Mice , Time Factors , TritiumABSTRACT
Puromycin and actinomycin D were used to treat a line of human conjunctiva cells persistently infected with mumps virus (C-M cells) in order to determine where virus synthesis is inhibited. Although 90% of the cells in C-M cultures are infected, little or no infectious virus is produced by most cells in a growing culture. Adding puromycin to inhibit protein synthesis resulted in the production of infectious virus. Thus, all the viral proteins needed for virus completion were made in the growing cells. When actinomycin D was added to growing cells, infectious virus was again produced. Since mumps virus synthesis is actinomycin D-insensitive, this suggested a host control of the virus. Interferon was not detected. The possible mechanisms of host control are discussed.
Subject(s)
Dactinomycin/pharmacology , Mumps virus/drug effects , Puromycin/pharmacology , Amino Acids/metabolism , Carbon Isotopes , Cell Line/drug effects , Cell Line/microbiology , Conjunctiva , Humans , Interferons/analysis , Protein Biosynthesis , Protein Hydrolysates/metabolism , RNA/biosynthesis , Tritium , Uridine/metabolism , Virus ReplicationABSTRACT
A new diluent (ADGP) for the rubella virus hemagglutination (HA) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests is described. It was found that the HA and HI titers and the erythrocyte agglutination pattern were improved in ADGP compared to previously described diluents. The influence of the components of ADGP and of various test conditions on optimal HA and HI results were examined.
Subject(s)
Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests , Hemagglutination Tests , Rubella virus/immunology , Animals , Calcium Chloride , Chickens , Erythrocytes , Gelatin , Glucose , Magnesium , Serum Albumin, Bovine , Sodium Chloride , SolutionsABSTRACT
Three hundred and fifty-six bone marrow tissues obtained from patients of a general hospital were tested for spontaneous production after cultivation in vitro of interferon-like substances (ILS). Seventeen percent of the tissues produced ILS that protected human, but not chick, embryo cell cultures against the cytopathic effects of challenge virus infection. The incidence of ILS did not correlate with leukemia or other neoplastic diseases, or with any non-neoplastic disease.
Subject(s)
Bone Marrow/metabolism , Interferons/biosynthesis , Humans , In Vitro TechniquesABSTRACT
Walker, Duard L. (University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison), Ping-Ping Chang, Robert L. Northrop, and Harry C. Hinze. Persistent, noncytocidal viral infection: nonsynchrony of viral and cellular multiplication. J. Bacteriol. 92:983-989. 1966.-In cultures of human conjunctive cells persistently infected with mumps virus (C-M cultures), the degree to which viral multiplication is linked to cell multiplication was examined. First, cell multiplication was inhibited. This resulted in a 10-fold increase in virus-excreting cells in the culture and an 80-fold increase in virus in the medium as compared with vigorously growing control cultures. Second, by use of elevated incubation temperature, virus multiplication was inhibited without slowing multiplication of the cells, and uninfected cells that appeared in the culture were protected by virus antiserum. This resulted in accumulation of antigen-free cells and, in one experiment, in elimination of the virus. Evidence indicated that uninfected cells accumulated as a result of dilution of virus by repeated cell divisions, but not as a result of selection of uninfected cells. These data indicate that viral multiplication in the C-M system is not closely linked to cell multiplication and that each can proceed at a rate different from the other.
