Relationship between Smoking and Outcomes after Cubital Tunnel Release.

PURPOSE: Several studies have drawn a connection between cigarette smoking and cubital tunnel syndrome. One comparison article demonstrated worse outcomes in smokers treated with transmuscular transposition of the ulnar nerve. However, very little is known about the effect that smoking might have on patients who undergo ulnar nerve decompression at the elbow. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of smoking preoperatively on outcomes in patients treated with ulnar nerve decompression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used a survey developed from the comparison article with additional questions based on outcome measures from supportive literature. Postoperative improvement was probed, including sensation, strength, and pain scores. A thorough smoking history was obtained. The study spanned a 10-year period. RESULTS: A total of 1,366 surveys were mailed to former patients, and 247 surveys with adequate information were returned. No significant difference was seen in demographics or comorbidities. Patients who smoked preoperatively were found to more likely relate symptoms of pain. Postoperatively, nonsmoking patients generally reported more favorable improvement, though these findings were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: This study finds no statistically significant effect of smoking on outcomes after ulnar nerve decompression. Finally, among smokers, there were no differences in outcomes between simple decompression and transposition.

Decreased Rate of Complications in Carpal Tunnel Release with Hand Fellowship Training.

PURPOSE: In many procedures, both high case volumes and fellowship training have been shown to improve outcomes. One of the most common procedures performed by hand surgeons, the carpal tunnel release (CTR) is also performed by several other specialties without specialty training in a hand fellowship. This study analyzed the effect that hand fellowship training has on outcomes of CTRs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the American Board of Orthopedic Surgeons (ABOS) Part II candidates' case list submissions, a database was created for all open and endoscopic CTRs. Surgeon training, demographics, technique, and complications were recorded. Complications were then categorized and broken down by technique. Results were then analyzed for statistical significance. RESULTS: A total of 29,916 cases were identified. Hand fellowship-trained surgeons performed six times more CTRs at 31 cases per surgeon compared with five for non-hand fellowship-trained surgeons. They also improved outcomes in rates of infection, wound dehiscence, and overall complications. Rates of nerve injury or recurrence showed no statistical difference. This held true for the open release subset. Endoscopically, fellowship-trained surgeons had only improved rates of overall complications. CONCLUSION: Surgeons undergoing additional hand fellowship training may show improved outcomes in the surgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. However, no effect was seen on nerve injury or recurrence of symptoms.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Risk Factors and Management of Impending Flap Loss in 2138 Breast Free Flaps.

Loss of a breast free flap is a relatively rare but catastrophic occurrence. Our study aims to identify risk factors for flap loss and to assess whether different salvage techniques affect flap salvage. We performed a retrospective review of all breast free flaps performed at a single institution from 2000 to 2010. Overall, 2138 flaps were performed in 1608 patients (unilateral, 1120 and bilateral, 488) with 44 flap losses (2.1%). Age, body mass index, smoking, radiation, chemotherapy, and surgeon experience did not affect flap loss. Abdominal flaps based on a single perforator were at significantly higher risk for flap loss compared with flaps based on multiple perforators (P = 0.0007). Subgroup analysis of the subset of 166 compromised free flaps (flaps requiring a return to the operating room, an intraoperative anastomotic revision, or loss/partial loss of a free flap) demonstrated deep inferior epigastric perforator, and other flaps (superficial inferior epigastric artery and superior gluteal artery perforator) were significantly associated with flap loss [odds ratio (OR) 5.20; P = 0.03 and OR 6.91; P = 0.0004, respectively] compared with transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous and muscle-sparing transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps. Although an intraoperative complication was not associated with a flap loss, the need for a reoperation was strongly predictive (P < 0.0001). Flap salvage was the highest within the first 24 hours (83.7%) and significantly less between days 1 and 3 (38.6%; P < 0.0001) and beyond 4 days (29.4%; P < 0.0001). Longer ischemia time was significantly associated with flap loss (P = 0.04). Salvage techniques (aspirin, heparinzation, thrombectomy, and thrombolytic) had no impact on flap salvage rates. Heparinization and thrombolytics were associated with higher loss rates (OR 3.40; P = 0.003 and OR 10.36; P < 0.0001, respectively). Free flap loss following breast reconstruction is multifactorial with higher losses in superficial inferior epigastric artery and gluteal flaps, single-perforator abdominal flaps, and longer ischemia times. Salvage rates are most successful within the first 24 hours, and the use of heparinization, aspirin, and thrombolytics does not improve salvage rates.

Evolution of Bilateral Free Flap Breast Reconstruction over 10 Years: Optimizing Outcomes and Comparison to Unilateral Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: There is an increasing trend for contralateral prophylactic mastectomy, but studies focusing on bilateral free flap breast reconstruction are lacking. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of all bilateral free flap breast reconstructions performed from 2000 to 2010. RESULTS: Overall, 488 patients underwent bilateral breast reconstruction (bilateral immediate, n = 283; bilateral delayed, n = 93; and bilateral immediate/delayed, n = 112), which more than doubled from the years 2000-2005 to 2006-2010 [147 versus 341 (232.0 percent)]. Comparison of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy demonstrated a similar increase over the decade [139 versus 282 (203.9 percent)]. There was an increasing trend toward perforator flaps [70 versus 203 (290 percent)] compared to traditional transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps [99 versus 17 (17 percent)] between the first and second halves of the decade. Patients undergoing a bilateral immediate/delayed reconstruction were significantly more likely to undergo a revision (p = 0.05), particularly on the immediate reconstructed breast (OR, 1.59; p = 0.05). Delayed reconstruction and obesity were significantly associated with postoperative complications. Obesity, smoking, and radiation therapy significantly increased fat necrosis rates, 2.77 (p = 0.01), 2.31 (p = 0.03), and 2.38 times (p = 0.03), respectively. In comparison to unilateral reconstruction, bilateral reconstruction had significantly higher flap loss rates (p = 0.004), comparable donor-site complications, and equivalent rates of revisions. CONCLUSIONS: There has been an increase in bilateral free flap breast reconstruction. Bilateral immediate/delayed reconstruction had higher revision rates of the prophylactic breast to achieve symmetry. Obesity, smoking, and radiation therapy were associated with increased complications, including fat necrosis, but successful reconstruction can be achieved with acceptable risks. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III.

Choosing the optimal timing for contralateral symmetry procedures after unilateral free flap breast reconstruction.

Achieving symmetry in unilateral free flap breast reconstruction often requires a contralateral procedure; however, no large studies exist that examine the factors related to revisions performed on the contralateral breast. The present study examines the relationship between revision and complication rate, and the type and timing of the contralateral procedure. Retrospective analysis was performed of all unilateral free flap breast reconstructions from January 2000 to December 2010 at a single academic institution. Overall, 1120 patients underwent unilateral free flap breast reconstruction with 558 (49.8%) patients undergoing a contralateral procedure, 154 (27.6%) immediate and 404 (72.4%) delayed. Contralateral procedures included 106 augmentations, 168 reductions, 240 mastopexies, and 37 augmentation-mastopexies. Revision of the symmetry procedure was performed in 114 (20.8%) patients. Augmentation and mastopexy were associated with significantly higher revision rates when performed immediately. The complication rate was higher in immediate contralateral procedures than delayed [15 (9.7%) vs 16 (4.0%), P = 0.01]. The average number of procedures per patient was significantly higher in delayed contralateral procedures than immediate (2.45 vs 1.84, P < 0.0005). In summary, approximately half of patients undergoing a unilateral free flap for breast reconstruction will also undergo a contralateral balancing procedure. Immediate contralateral augmentation and mastopexy carry a higher revision rate and consideration should be given to performing them in a staged fashion. There were no differences in the rate of revisions for breast reductions, and therefore, performance of simultaneous contralateral reduction is a reasonable option. Although complication rates were higher in the immediate cohort, overall "symmetry" was achieved in significantly fewer operations.

Demystifying the use of internal mammary vessels as recipient vessels in free flap breast reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: The internal mammary vessels are commonly used as primary recipient vessels for free flap breast reconstruction. However, there is debate about the reliability of the left internal mammary vein. The authors explored the anatomy of the internal mammary vessels as revealed during free flap breast reconstruction to determine whether microvascular complications differed between the left and right sides. METHODS: All free flap breast reconstructions performed using internal mammary recipient vessels at the authors' institution between January of 2000 and December of 2010 were reviewed. The authors compared left and right breast reconstructions for internal mammary vessel diameters and microvascular complications, pedicle thrombosis, and total flap losses. RESULTS: Overall, 1773 free flap breast reconstructions were performed in 1336 patients using the internal mammary vessels: 899 unilateral and 437 bilateral. The left side was used in 904 cases and the right side in 869 cases. Although the mean sizes of the left and right internal mammary arteries (2.44 and 2.47 mm, respectively) did not differ significantly, the left vein was significantly smaller than the right vein (2.47 mm versus 2.93 mm; p = 0.038). The overall rate of venous thrombosis was significantly higher on the left than on the right (3.0 percent versus 2.3 percent; p = 0.028). The rates of flap loss in left and right breast reconstructions did not differ significantly (1.9 percent versus 2.2 percent). CONCLUSION: Although the left internal mammary vein is smaller than the right and is at higher risk for venous complications, it remains an acceptable recipient vessel for free flap breast reconstruction. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III.

Comprehensive analysis of donor-site morbidity in abdominally based free flap breast reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of factors that might contribute to abdominal donor-site morbidity after abdominally based free flap breast reconstruction. METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective analysis of all abdominally based free flap breast reconstructions performed from January of 2000 through December of 2010 at their institution. RESULTS: Overall, 89 of 1507 patients developed an abdominal bulge/hernia (unilateral: 57 of 1044; bilateral: 32 of 463). A unilateral transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap was significantly more likely to develop an abdominal bulge/hernia than was a muscle-sparing TRAM flap or a deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap (9.9 percent versus 3.7 percent versus 5.9 percent; p = 0.004). However, there was no difference in the risk of developing an abdominal bulge/hernia between a muscle-sparing TRAM and a DIEP flap (p = 0.36). Patients who underwent bilateral reconstructions were 1.35 times more likely to develop an abdominal bulge/hernia than patients who underwent unilateral reconstruction, but the difference was not significant. Harvesting more fascia as occurs when both medial and lateral rows are used was significantly associated with need for mesh (p < 0.0001). Overall, placement of mesh for fascia closure reduced the odds of occurrence of bulge/hernia by 70 percent compared with primary fascia closure. CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in the risk of developing abdominal bulge/hernia between bilateral versus unilateral breast reconstruction. For abdominally based free flap breast reconstruction, the extent of the fascia harvested, how it is repaired, and the amount of muscle preserved might play an important role in donor-site morbidity. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III.

Lower extremity reconstruction with the anterolateral thigh flap.

The versatility and location of the anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap make it well suited for lower extremity reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate surgical and functional outcomes by specific anatomic regions in the lower extremity to better define the role of the ALT flap in lower extremity reconstruction. A retrospective review of patients undergoing lower extremity reconstruction with an ALT flap between July 2002 and December 2010 was performed. Total 46 patients underwent lower extremity reconstruction with an ALT flap, of whom 29 (63%) had a pedicled flap and 17 (37%) a microvascular free flap. Defects were located in the hip/buttocks (n = 8), groin (n = 13), thigh (n = 8), knee (n = 5), leg (n = 6), and foot/ankle (n = 6). The mean postoperative follow-up was 4 months. Total flap loss occurred in two patients (4%). There were 11 recipient site complications (24%). The most common complication was recipient site seroma, which occurred in five patients (11%), all of whom had hip/buttock or groin defects. Overall, 38 patients (83%) returned to their preoperative functional status. The ALT flap is an effective method of lower extremity reconstruction. It can be performed as a pedicled or free flap, with good surgical and functional outcomes.

Outcomes of arteriovenous fistulae compared with heparin-bonded and conventional grafts for hemodialysis access.

PURPOSE: Arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis patients. However, patients who do not have suitable veins require prosthetic arteriovenous graft (AVG) placement. We analyzed the patency and complication rates of upper extremity brachiocephalic AVF compared to brachioaxillary tapered heparin-bonded AVG and conventional AVG. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent a permanent vascular access procedure at our tertiary referral center from 2006 to 2008. Factors presumed to affect patency and complication rates including age, body-mass index, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes were analyzed. Complication rates, re-interventions, primary, primary-assisted, and cumulative patency rates were compared using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: We performed 138 upper extremity access procedures during the study period, including 64 brachiocephalic fistulae, 21 brachioaxillary heparin-bonded, and 21 brachioaxillary conventional AVGs. Nine patients were excluded from long-term follow-up. The 1-year cumulative patency rates for AVF, heparin-bonded, and conventional AVGs were 83%, 44%, and 67%, respectively (P=.0001). On multivariate regression analysis, only use of heparin-bonded AVG affected cumulative patency. CONCLUSIONS: Although selection bias cannot be excluded in this retrospective study, heparin-bonded AVGs did not perform better than conventional AVGs. Co-morbid conditions did not affect the cumulative patency or complication rates of brachiocephalic AVF or AVG in this analysis. Larger, randomized trials are needed to validate the results of this study.