Low RNA disruption during neoadjuvant chemotherapy predicts pathologic complete response absence in patients with breast cancer.

In previously reported retrospective studies, high tumor RNA disruption during neoadjuvant chemotherapy predicted for post-treatment pathologic complete response (pCR) and improved disease-free survival at definitive surgery for primary early breast cancer. The BREVITY (Breast Cancer Response Evaluation for Individualized Therapy) prospective clinical trial (NCT03524430) seeks to validate these prior findings. Here we report training set (Phase I) findings, including determination of RNA disruption index (RDI) cut points for outcome prediction in the subsequent validation set (Phase II; 454 patients). In 80 patients of the training set, maximum tumor RDI values for biopsies obtained during neoadjuvant chemotherapy were significantly higher in pCR responders than in patients without pCR post-treatment (P = .008). Moreover, maximum tumor RDI values ≤3.7 during treatment predicted for a lack of pCR at surgery (negative predictive value = 93.3%). These findings support the prospect that on-treatment tumor RNA disruption assessments may effectively predict post-surgery outcome, possibly permitting treatment optimization.

Lipoamide dehydrogenase mediates retention of coronin-1 on BCG vacuoles, leading to arrest in phagosome maturation.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis evades the innate antimicrobial defenses of macrophages by inhibiting the maturation of its phagosome to a bactericidal phagolysosome. Despite intense studies of the mycobacterial phagosome, the mechanism of mycobacterial persistence dependent on prolonged phagosomal retention of the coat protein coronin-1 is still unclear. The present study demonstrated that several mycobacterial proteins traffic intracellularly in M. bovis BCG-infected cells and that one of them, with an apparent subunit size of M(r) 50,000, actively retains coronin-1 on the phagosomal membrane. This protein was initially termed coronin-interacting protein (CIP)50 and was shown to be also expressed by M. tuberculosis but not by the non-pathogenic species M. smegmatis. Cell-free system experiments using a GST-coronin-1 construct showed that binding of CIP50 to coronin-1 required cholesterol. Thereafter, mass spectrometry sequencing identified mycobacterial lipoamide dehydrogenase C (LpdC) as a coronin-1 binding protein. M. smegmatis over-expressing Mtb LpdC protein acquired the capacity to maintain coronin-1 on the phagosomal membrane and this prolonged its survival within the macrophage. Importantly, IFNgamma-induced phagolysosome fusion in cells infected with BCG resulted in the dissociation of the LpdC-coronin-1 complex by a mechanism dependent, at least in part, on IFNgamma-induced LRG-47 expression. These findings provide further support for the relevance of the LpdC-coronin-1 interaction in phagosome maturation arrest.

Monocyte p110alpha phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulates phagocytosis, the phagocyte oxidase, and cytokine production.

Mononuclear phagocytes are critical modulators and effectors of innate and adaptive immune responses, and PI-3Ks have been shown to be multifunctional monocyte regulators. The PI-3K family includes eight catalytic isoforms, and only limited information is available about how these contribute to fine specificity in monocyte cell regulation. We examined the regulation of phagocytosis, the phagocyte oxidative burst, and LPS-induced cytokine production by human monocytic cells deficient in p110alpha PI-3K. We observed that p110alpha PI-3K was required for phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized and nonopsonized zymosan in differentiated THP-1 cells, and the latter was inhibitable by mannose. In contrast, p110alpha PI-3K was not required for ingestion serum-opsonized zymosan. Taken together, these results suggest that FcgammaR- and mannose receptor-mediated phagocytosis are p110alpha-dependent, whereas CR3-mediated phagocytosis involves a distinct isoform. It is notable that the phagocyte oxidative burst induced in response to PMA or opsonized zymosan was also found to be dependent on p110alpha in THP-1 cells. Furthermore, p110alpha was observed to exert selective and bidirectional effects on the secretion of pivotal cytokines. Incubation of p110alpha-deficient THP-1 cells with LPS showed that p110alpha was required for IL-12p40 and IL-6 production, whereas it negatively regulated the production of TNF-alpha and IL-10. Cells deficient in p110alpha also exhibited enhanced p38 MAPK, JNK, and NF-kappaB phosphorylation. Thus, p110alpha PI-3K appears to uniquely regulate important monocyte functions, where other PI-3K isoforms are uninvolved or unable to fully compensate.

Dual receptors and distinct pathways mediate interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase degradation in response to lipopolysaccharide. Involvement of CD14/TLR4, CR3, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling leading to nuclear factor-kappaB activation in mononuclear phagocytes involves interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK), which is rapidly activated after exposure to agonist. Although it is known that IRAK also undergoes rapid inactivation/degradation in response to LPS, providing negative feedback leading to LPS tolerance, mechanisms governing IRAK degradation are not fully understood. In the present study, examination of LPS signaling showed that IRAK degradation was bimodal and involved dual receptors and distinct pathways. Rapid degradation of IRAK, occurring within 30 min of exposure to agonist, was shown to signal through CD14/TLR4 and was regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. A second delayed wave of IRAK degradation occurred 2 h after exposure to LPS and was mediated by CR3 independently of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Thus, multiple independent mechanisms have evolved to regulate IRAK degradation, likely reflecting the importance of limiting cellular responses to LPS. Recognition of a CR3-dependent, CD14/TLR4-independent pathway leading to IRAK degradation has implications for understanding modulation of LPS responses by cells with important immunoregulatory function such as dendritic cells that are CD14(-).

Co-ordinated expression of phycobiliprotein operons in the chromatically adapting cyanobacterium Calothrix PCC 7601: a role for RcaD and RcaG.

In the cyanobacterium Calothrix sp. PCC 7601 the cpc2 operon encoding phycocyanin 2 (PC2) is expressed if red radiations are available. RcaD was previously identified in extracts from red-light-grown cells as an alkaline phosphatase-sensitive protein that binds upstream of the transcription start point (TSP) of the cpc2 operon. In this work, RcaD was purified, and the corresponding gene cloned with a PCR probe obtained using degenerated primers based on RcaD peptide sequences (accession no. AJ319541). Purified RcaD binds to the cpc2 promoter region and also to those of the constitutive cpc1 and apc1 operons that encode phycocyanin 1 and allophycocyanin. Escherichia coli-overexpressed RcaD can bind to the cpc2 promoter region. The rcaD gene is upstream of an open reading frame (ORF) termed rcaG. Co-transcription of both genes was demonstrated by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR experiments, and found to be independent of the light wavelengths. A single TSP was mapped. Sequence features of RcaD and RcaG led us to propose a functional relationship between these two proteins. A rcaD mutant generated by allelic exchange exhibited altered expression of the cpc2, cpeBA, apc1 and cpc1 operons upon green to red-light shifts. RcaD seems to be a co-activator co-ordinating the transcription of the phycobiliprotein operons upon changes in light spectral quality.