ABSTRACT
Most appendiceal carcinoids (ACs) in children present without lymph node metastasis. Lymph node metastasis is rarely present when primary tumor diameter exceeds 1 cm. We present the extraordinary case of an AC with a primary tumor diameter of 0.7 cm and infiltration of the mesentery, as well as 1 positive lymph node of the mesentery in a 14-year-old boy. Besides adding a rare case, we review the data published in the current literature on AC with lymph node metastasis in children and summarize up-to-date guidelines for diagnostic workup, therapy, and follow-up.
Subject(s)
Appendiceal Neoplasms/pathology , Carcinoid Tumor/secondary , Adolescent , Appendectomy/methods , Appendiceal Neoplasms/surgery , Carcinoid Tumor/diagnosis , Carcinoid Tumor/surgery , Diagnosis, Differential , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Lymphatic Metastasis , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Male , Mesentery , Tomography, X-Ray ComputedABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To compare, in a retrospective observational cohort study, the efficacy, tolerability, safety and clinical effectiveness of propiverine and oxybutynin in children and adolescents with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 255 children and adolescents (aged 1-18 years) with NDO (199 myelomeningocele, 46 spinal cord injury, 10 other diagnoses) were enrolled at 14 study centres. To evaluate the efficacy of propiverine and oxybutynin, urodynamic and clinical variables were assessed before and after at least 12 month of the antimuscarinic agents administered at variable doses. RESULTS: In all, 127 patients given propiverine and 128 given oxybutynin were enrolled. The primary efficacy outcome, i.e. reductions in urodynamically assessed individual maximum detrusor pressure (P(detmax)), was assumed to indicate success in 74.2% of those on propiverine vs 49.6% on oxybutynin. The mean P(detmax) was significantly reduced during treatment, from 59.8 to 36.7 cmH(2)O in the propiverine and from 65.2 to 54.9 cmH(2)O in the oxybutynin groups. The mean maximum cystometric bladder capacity increased from 146 to 242 mL in the propiverine and from 222 to 310 mL in the oxybutynin group. Propiverine was better tolerated than oxybutynin, having fewer adverse drug reactions (9.4% vs 17.2%, odds ratio 2.04), and for its severity grades and premature treatment termination (none vs 11 cases). CONCLUSION: In this non-interventional study, reflecting 'real-life' clinical practice, comparing the efficacy, tolerability and safety of propiverine and oxybutynin in children and adolescents with NDO, propiverine was at least as effective as oxybutynin, but better tolerated, resulting in superior clinical effectiveness than for oxybutynin.
